Some people have acne, which looks like acne, black dots. Immediately upon its discovery, the help of specialists is required. Pathology is characterized by the formation of a closed or open form of comedones, chronic inflammation on the skin.
Acne is a common disease. The peak of the disease occurs during puberty, when there is an increased production of hormones. The prevalence is almost equal for both sexes, but in men the disease has a long course and is quite difficult. By the age of 20, a spontaneous regression of the disease can occur, passing into the chronic stage, which is characterized by changes in the skin in the form of age spots, rashes, and keloid scars.
Defeat features
Acne refers to the most common skin lesion. The disease begins to develop with the active influence of pathogenic microflora.
The main function of the sebaceous glands is moisturizing and softening the skin. However, under the influence of certain adverse factors, enhanced secret production begins. Keratinized epidermal cells and contaminating particles are added to it.
Comedones, which are mostly called blackheads, begin to cover the skin. There is also a change in the condition of the skin, which becomes untidy and visually painful.
Classification
To date, there is no single classification. Types of acne can be very different, as this is a fairly diverse disease. Classification separation is based on an assessment of the severity of the course and features of clinical manifestations. According to its clinical signs, there may be such types of acne as:
- acne in the newborn;
- infant
- youthful;
- Adults
- contact;
- comedone.
Youthful acne is characterized by rashes of nodular-cystic, fulminant, papule-pustular acne, comedones. Lightning acne eruptions are characterized by a severe course. This form is found mainly in boys. It is characterized by a rather acute onset, rapid spread to the face and trunk of the inflammation, followed by scarring. Symptoms are manifested in the form of deterioration of health, anemia and fever.
Types of acne in adults are of such types as:
- acne;
- steroid acne;
- inverse form;
- spherical or piled;
- pink.
If acne is not stopped in adolescence, then it manifests itself in the form of late development of acne. It is characterized by a manifestation in women during menstruation. Symptomatology manifests itself in the form of papules and ends with the formation of extensive cystic cavities.
The inverse form is characterized by the formation in the armpits and folds of painful nodular acne in the form of an abscess. When ripe, pus and blood-purulent discharge are secreted. During healing, scars and fistulas form.
Steroid acne is formed when steroid hormones are used. Formations of this type are formed mainly on the chest, sometimes on the face. Spherical acne is formed mainly in men with the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities. This is due to the merger of nodular and cystic rashes into characteristic seals with fistulous passages. This form of the disease affects the body and without appropriate medication can last several years.
Pink acne is typical for women of any age. In acute form, it manifests itself during pregnancy. Nodular, cystic eruptions and large papules are noted.
The exogenous form of acne occurs as a result of the secretion of comedogenic substances, which lead to clogging of the sebaceous ducts. They can be found in medications, skincare cosmetics. In some cases, mechanical types of acne are formed, the photo of which allows you to determine the peculiarity of the course of the disease. This form of rash is a response to a mechanical effect on the skin provoked by friction and pressure.
Degrees of disease
To understand whether treatment is necessary, you need to know exactly what types of acne and the stage of the disease. There are 4 degrees of severity of manifestation, which have certain symptoms and characteristics of therapy. At the very beginning of the development of the disease, some pores are clogged. This occurs as a result of the fact that keratinized cells accumulate in the pores, which form a dense layer. This manifests itself in the form of black dots of comedones. It is worth noting that blackheads are formed due to the production of skin pigment and have absolutely nothing to do with dirt. Often, this type of acne on the face does not progress.
In the second degree of the course of the disease, sebum accumulates in clogged pores, which manifests itself in the form of small tubercles or nodules. In some cases, this type of acne does not progress and is between the mild and moderate stages. When the secretion of the sebaceous glands accumulates in significant quantities, it becomes the ideal environment for the growth and development of bacteria that multiply on the skin.
In a small amount, pathogens exist quite normally on the skin and do absolutely no harm. In any case, if sebum is produced in significant quantities, immunity can give a response, and an inflammatory process forms.
With the addition of inflammation, when the skin around turns red, and the rashes increase in size, pus begins to accumulate in them. Sometimes there are a lot of abscesses, and they form nodules and cysts. Outwardly, they look like formations of a red or red-cyanotic shade and protrude somewhat over healthy skin. Such rashes can merge with each other, forming large cavities located under the skin. Cystic acne becomes chronic and requires a long, complex treatment.
Stages of the disease
Depending on the stage of development, types of acne may be such as:
- comedonal;
- papulopustular;
- nodal;
- conglobate.
The comedonal form of the disease is represented mainly by closed comedones, which are formed in significant quantities on the nose, chin and forehead. In this case, inflammation is not expected to develop. The papulopustular type of the disease is characterized by the formation of not only black dots, but also pimples with white caps at the apex. In addition to them, nodular eruptions form that rise above the surface of the skin. And on them pimples with purulent contents are already forming.
The nodal type of the disease is characterized by the absence of pustules, however, there are many nodular formations. There may also be black dots. The conglobate type of disease is one of the most complex. It is characterized by the formation of spherical types of acne on the face, which can merge with each other. As a result, painful foci of inflammation are formed. This stage ends with severe scarring of the skin. Depending on the type and stage of development of acne, a dermatologist selects the required methodology for conducting therapy.
Rare forms
There are various types of acne on the body and face, which have different symptoms and treatment methods. In some cases, certain diseases in women can aggravate the course of acne. Such diseases include:
- polycystic ovary syndrome;
- excessive production of male hormones in the ovaries;
- a large number of male hormones in the adrenal glands.
Such diseases, in addition to acne, have other signs, in particular, such as excessive growth of hair on the face and body, as well as baldness. Acne can also form when exposed to certain chemicals.
Causes of occurrence
Types of acne are divided according to the factors that provoked their formation. In particular, rashes can be exogenous and endogenous. When an endogenous type of acne occurs, their causes are internal factors. Exogenous species are provoked by external causes.
Among the main provoking factors of endogenous rashes, one can distinguish such as:
- hormonal changes;
- elevated levels of male sex hormones;
- seborrhea;
- chronic diseases, infections;
- pathology of the ovaries.
The exogenous form of acne takes its development in external factors. Provoke a comedogenic effect may get on the skin of certain substances. It can be oils, some preparations with tar, cosmetics. Excessive use of cosmetics can also cause the formation of acne.
Among the main factors, one can single out the prolonged friction of clothes and linen on the skin. Also among the main reasons we can distinguish the use of steroids, squeezing acne, exposure to sunlight, increased cleanliness. The level of sensitivity of the sebaceous cells to the effects of sex hormones in many respects depends on which part of the skin the lesion occurs.
The main symptoms
In different patients, a combination of provoking factors is purely individual in nature. The types of acne and symptoms in each person may vary. Excessive activity of the sebaceous glands leads to:
- the formation of black dots;
- inflammation with the formation of nodular papules;
- decrease in skin tone;
- increased pigmentation.
Bonding excess fats of dead scales of the upper layer of the skin. This makes it difficult to clean the skin, causing an accumulation of germs, fat and dirt in the hair bulb. Then a dark crust forms, which clogs the duct, and dark points form as a result.
In ducts closed by sebaceous clusters, favorable conditions are created for the growth and development of pathogens. The vital products of microbes provoke a violation of the acid-base balance, which leads to a decrease in protective functions and enhanced reproduction of bacteria. In this case, the symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis occur.
Violation of fat metabolism provokes an accumulation of sebum. As a result of this, the duct walls are stretched, and small cysts are formed. Under the influence of many different causes, the cyst ruptures with the release of sebaceous contents outward into adjacent tissues. As a result, nodules form, and when an infection is attached, ulcers occur.
A prolonged inflammatory process provokes malnutrition of tissues, which leads to a change in the skin, a decrease in its tone, and this adversely affects their condition. The skin is covered with small scars, uneven pigmentation and texture deterioration.
Diagnostics
Depending on the cause and type of acne, treatment is selected strictly individually. Initially, you need to conduct a comprehensive diagnosis to determine the root cause of the pathology. Be sure to pass the appropriate tests. To determine the microbial flora and the presence of parasites, 2 types of tests are taken from the skin of the face. Scraping from the site of inflammation is carried out by a dermatologist. It allows you to detect the presence of demodicosis, regardless of the stage of its course.
A test for sensitivity to antibiotics of pathogens will help you choose the right drug. The only drawback of this study is that it takes a very long time to wait for the result. To determine the cause of acne, hormone tests are prescribed, since it is often hormonal disorders that lead to the onset of the disease. A similar analysis is prescribed in such cases:
- age over 20 years;
- increased skin pigmentation;
- increased activity of male hormones in women;
- overweight;
- irregular menstrual cycle.
If hormone tests revealed a problem, then an ultrasound is prescribed:
- adrenal glands;
- pelvic organs;
- genitals.
To exclude the presence of tumors in the pituitary gland and adrenal glands, an x-ray should be taken. An important role in the diagnosis is played by a biochemical blood test. With it, you can identify many different problems that can cause chronic inflammation.
Treatment features
Regardless of the type of acne, treatment methods are mostly standard and imply an integrated approach, namely:
- the use of antibacterial agents;
- means for regulating the production of sebaceous secretion;
- antimicrobial and immunocorrective agents;
- wiping with solutions with degreasing and disinfecting properties;
- vitamin complex.
Physiotherapeutic techniques include:
- electrophoresis;
- electrocoagulation;
- cryotherapy;
- UV exposure.
The duration of therapy is approximately 3 months, and then during the same time it is necessary to provide supportive therapy.
Therapeutic treatment
Regardless of the type of acne, treatment with hardware methods are used as additional therapy. Of the main therapeutic procedures, such as are shown:
- chemical peeling;
- darsonvalization;
- cryomassage;
- laser therapy.
Similar procedures have a therapeutic and cosmetic effect. A dermatologist prescribes laser therapy, which is considered the most effective. Mesotherapy has a good effect. After the introduction of antibiotic injections, the work of the sebaceous glands normalizes and inflammation is eliminated. As a result, toxic substances and bacteria are eliminated, thereby preventing the appearance of new rashes.
Helps to eliminate any type of acne treatment with plasmolifting, which implies the introduction of the patient’s blood plasma into problem areas. Moreover, it is pre-enriched with platelets. Such injections help start the process of cell division and renewal.
The doctor may recommend cryotherapy sessions. Dosed supply of cold to problem areas accelerates blood circulation, accelerates scar healing and dilates blood vessels.
Drug therapy
To quickly eliminate rashes, types of acne and methods of treatment are determined only by the doctor, as this can be a sign of dangerous diseases. For therapy, external medicines are prescribed. "Benzoyl peroxide" is considered a good remedy. It has a whitening and intense keratolytic effect. Under its influence, the keratinized tissues dissolve. This drug has an antibacterial effect.
Another good remedy is Tretinoin. It helps to reduce the production of subcutaneous fat, eliminate rashes, stabilize the keratinization of the skin and prevent the formation of comedones.
Antibiotics for external use are also required. They are prescribed in the presence of complications. The most effective drugs are Clindamycin and Erythromycin. When treating women, the doctor can prescribe hormonal contraceptives, which include antiandrogens. If therapy does not produce the desired result, the doctor may prescribe Isotretinoin.
Regardless of the type of acne, their treatment in adolescents is carried out mainly by the use of external agents for treating skin integuments. Various gels, creams and lotions are prescribed by cosmetologists and dermatologists. The remedy must be applied to the affected area of the skin. Benzoyl peroxide is considered the most common means for local treatment, since it:
- reduces inflammation;
- destroys bacteria;
- helps clean clogged pores.
Basically, this tool provokes slight skin irritation. If the skin turns red, then you need to stop using it and wait until the skin calms down.
Folk remedies
In the case of the most safe types of acne, their treatment can be carried out using folk remedies and methods. You can cook them at home from the available components. You can make a mask based on protein and aloe. To do this, beat the protein to a state of cool foam and add 20 ml of aloe juice. Apply to skin for 15 minutes, and then rinse with warm water.
You can prepare a mask based on horseradish and green apple, which must be mixed in equal proportions. Keep the cooked gruel on your face for an hour. The Indian mixture has good qualities. To prepare it, you need to mix the grated root of ginger with lemon juice and eucalyptus honey. Take the prepared product in small portions throughout the day. The course of therapy is 10 days.
Power Features
In order for the symptoms to become less pronounced, a special diet is required, which implies the exclusion of unhealthy foods from the usual diet.In the case of accumulation of toxins and toxins, they will spread throughout the body along with blood, worsening the condition of the skin. Among the most suitable diets, it is necessary to highlight fruit, sour milk, cereals. In addition, it is advisable to regularly hold fasting days.
Possible complications
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One of the most unpleasant consequences is the spread of rashes throughout the body. Very often, the upper chest and back, as well as the decollete, are affected. If the formation of acne was provoked by hormonal disorders, then the treatment should be carried out not only by a dermatologist, but also by an endocrinologist and gynecologist.
Prevention and prognosis
In order not to encounter acne from adolescence, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive prevention, which is aimed at normalizing the functioning of the sebaceous glands. Preventive measures include:
- proper nutrition and proper diet;
- regular consultations with a dermatologist;
- external use of cosmetics containing zinc;
- physical activity.
In addition, it is necessary to properly care for the skin. If a person has a tendency to form such a violation, it is necessary to choose the right cosmetics.
The prognosis depends on many different factors, in particular, such as the cause of the occurrence, the age of the patient, and the characteristics of the body. Acne refers to chronic pathologies, which is why it is difficult to cure and prone to relapse. With a very complex course of the disease, the skin cannot be returned in perfect condition.