An ideal solution for cooking and heating a house would be a brick oven. Her masonry will not cause difficulties for an experienced master. If you did not deal with such work before, then first you need to familiarize yourself with the technology, choose the right building materials, prepare the solution and plan the order in stages. If you follow all the rules, then laying a brick stove will not be difficult even for an inexperienced bricklayer.
It is necessary to begin construction with laying the foundation. Even a small structure in a bathhouse or cottage will weigh more than a ton. It should not be placed on the floor, but on its own separate foundation. Its upper slice should coincide with the level of the rough floor. Particular attention should be paid to ensure that the upper plane is horizontal. This will eliminate row skew and simplify the work.
Brick stove laying must be accompanied by a foundation waterproofing. For this, after it is ready, it is necessary to cover the surface of the base with two layers of roofing material, construction film or parchment. A steel sheet and a heat insulator are laid on top so that the heat does not go down. The bricks of the first layer are laid on all this "pie".
Design selection
Proper laying of the stove is possible only if you follow the technology. It differs in different designs. Among others, Dutch or Swedish should be highlighted. They are quite popular among consumers. The Swede is a heating and cooking stove, but the Dutch is heating equipment. The first is good because you can cook food on it, use it for heating and supplement it with a built-in oven. Such designs are universal.
But the blacksmiths are famous for their special design, which allows gases to move so that the efficiency reaches 95%. The complete absence of soot and minimal maintenance allow stove stoves to choose blacksmiths more often.
Foundation
Masonry stove in the house involves the installation of the base. A pit is excavated for it, the depth of which will depend on the type of soil, the mass of the structure, as well as the availability of groundwater. The length and width should correspond to the dimensions of the heating system and have a certain margin of distance to the formwork. It will not be required if the soil is very hard.
Further, if necessary, formwork is installed, the dimensions of which must correspond to the final values of the dimensions of the structure. Next, waterproofing is laid, which is attached to the plywood with a stapler. Pieces of brick or large stones are poured at the bottom so that the slab does not sag and well adheres to the ground.
Then you can start pouring concrete mortar. The foundation should rise six centimeters above the surface. When pouring, make sure the surface is flat with a building level. If necessary, it is leveled. The ground part of the foundation can be lined with concrete or brick. This decorates it in a certain way.
Sometimes, in order to save money, the foundation is carried out on piles. It differs in the method of construction. Instead of pouring, you can use a ready-made reinforced concrete slab. For the solution you will need crushed stone, coarse sand and cement. If the foundation is pile, then pipes should be prepared from asbestos or polyethylene. To carry out such work, you will need an earth drill, shovel and bayonet shovel, a sledgehammer for installing piles, a container for preparing the mortar and measuring instruments.
Preparation of adhesive compound
Brick stoves are usually laid using not a conventional cement mortar, but a clay-sand mixture. Such compositions may differ when you use ceramic or fireclay bricks. In the latter case, the solution should be prepared on the basis of chamotte marl or white kaolin. Minerals have high refractoriness and are able to undergo temperatures above 1,500 ° C. Dry masonry mix for the preparation of the solution is purchased in the distribution network.
When using ceramic bricks, it is necessary to masonry on a mortar of ordinary clay, which can be found in your area. It can also be purchased at the construction supermarket. Before laying a brick kiln, you must calculate how much material it will take. For 100 units of brick, about 40 kg of clay will be required. Sand will also be required.
The proportions of the ingredients of the solution are determined by the test batch method. To do this, clay for a day must be soaked in cold water. The mass is divided into five parts, each should add a quarter, a half and three quarters, as well as an equal weight part of the sand. The resulting samples should be kneaded to a uniform consistency and left for four hours to allow excess moisture to come off.
The next step is to start testing the samples. They are rolled into centimeter sausages and wrapped in a round five-centimeter object. If cracks larger than 2 mm are formed on the sample, the solution can be considered unsuitable. If their depth does not exceed 2 mm, the composition can be used for laying those parts of the structure where the temperature will not exceed 300 ° C. If the surface of the sample is not cracked or has a fine mesh, the solution can be used for laying the furnace. Since the price of sand is lower than the cost of high-quality furnace clay, the essence of the samples is to determine the maximum possible proportion of filler in the mixture.
Masonry technology
Having considered and studied the layout of the stove, which is presented in the article, you can begin work. If the design is small, then it is suitable for heating one room or a small garden house. The furnace will have an area of 0.4 m 2 . It will take a little brick to build, so the final weight of the structure will be small.
Laying must begin from the first row. In order to get a perfectly flat horizontal plane, washed sand or mountain or river sand is poured under a brick. This will smooth out the difference in the thickness of the material and will play the role of an additional heat insulator. When laying a Russian stove, it is important to ensure a certain distance between the bricks, which should be from two to three millimeters. If the seam is thicker, it will crumble.
For masonry, you should choose the most even products with the same dimensions, since irregularities cannot be smoothed with the thickness of the solution. On the second row, the blower door should be installed. In order to compensate for thermal expansion, the accessories are wrapped around the perimeter with an asbestos cord. The door is fixed by steel wire, which is mounted in the masonry. So that it does not interfere, in a brick under it, grooves should be cut using a grinder.
The third row is laid out of fireclay bricks. Grid-irons at this stage are established after setting of clay. Laying in the fourth row is carried out on the edge. If the grid-irons cannot be entered into free space, the brick is cut, and at the same time, gaps of three millimeters should be left on all sides.
The layout of the stove implies the presence of a brick without mortar in the back. It is necessary to clean the channels. On the fifth row, a furnace door should be installed by analogy with the blower door. The fifth row provides for laying brick flat. The protruding elements will act as an external heat exchanger. From the seventh to the ninth row, the brick is flat. Next, lay the cast iron hob. For laying between brick and metal, use a fiberglass or asbestos cord. Without it, smoke will enter the room, and the clay solution will crumble from the thermal expansions of the cast-iron plate.
The last three layers must be laid in such a way as to form a place for the chimney. On the penultimate row should be a metal valve. Separate it from the stone with an asbestos cord. After the masonry is dried, the back brick without mortar is removed from the channel so that it becomes possible to remove construction debris. When the laying of the stove with your own hands was completed, it is necessary to nail the baseboard along the perimeter of the structure so that the sand does not spill out.
Smoke removal
The chimney for the furnace can be a metal or asbestos-cement pipe, the channel of which is 200 cm 2 , which corresponds to 11.5 cm in diameter in the case of a round cross-section. The top edge of the outlet must rise four meters above the grate furnace chamber. The pipe should protrude half a meter above the roof. If the furnace starts to smoke during the first starts, the pipe should be increased by at least 25 cm.
Bath structure
Before laying the stove, photos of such structures must be well considered and studied. They will allow you to understand what features a product should have. In addition, it is also important to choose the right materials. For example, clay is the main component of the furnace. It has high ductility, which means it requires the addition of sand. If the viscosity is not high enough, less filler should be added.
It is important to remember that when soaking, the volume of clay becomes larger. When it dries, it decreases in size. If the masonry is carried out in conditions of high humidity or at a temperature below 0 ° C, the clay will swell. Such masonry is unsuitable.
When preparing the mortar for laying brick stoves, you must remember that the clay mixture is used in the construction of pipe heads, in the manufacture of foundations, in the construction of ventilation ducts, in the manufacture of chimneys and the construction of the outer walls of the chimney. Clay is also used for waterproofing. Her qualities help in this, because she absorbs excess water. There are three varieties of clay, these are:
- refractory;
- refractory;
- fusible.
This should be considered before construction begins.
Materials: brick
Laying the stove in the bath will include the use, most often, of burnt red brick. Such products have smooth edges and walls, and when tapped, the surface emits a metallic sound. The unburned pink brick, on the contrary, has a dull sound. It can be used when laying less important sections of the structure. In the manufacture of the foundation, dark brown burnt brick is used.
Masonry recommendations
The location of the furnace should be determined by fire safety regulations. The structure should be removed 30 cm or more from the wall in the bathhouse. The distance can be reduced by sticking asbokarton onto wooden structures. This will eliminate the violation of fire safety rules.
In work it is necessary to use exclusively strong and high-quality material. The use of silicate, hollow and slit bricks is unacceptable. It has low quality and does not heat the room, quickly collapsing.
After preparation, you need to cover the clay-sand mortar, which will be used for masonry. The brick must have one size so that the seams are the same. For the correct location without a solution, the first row of the furnace is laid out, after - the first row of the chimney, while checking the alignment of the corners of the structure.
Step-by-step laying of the stove involves wetting the brick in the first stage. Using a trowel, the required volume of solution is applied to the right place after wetting. The brick is laid in place until the joints are filled, the excess mixture must be removed. During the laying process, it is periodically necessary to check the angles with a rail or plumb. The factor of smoothness of the inner walls is important - on their surface there should be no chips and solution residues. This condition must be fulfilled.
Claying the inner base with clay should not be. After drying, it exfoliates and clogs the chimney. The next row should be laid out only after the complete completion of the first. Additional furnace elements are installed during masonry. For example, the doors are mounted using an annealed three millimeter wire. On the edge of the door you need to make a seal of asbestos cord. This will smooth out the expansion coefficient of the metal surface. After completion of the masonry work, the stove is left for three days.
Scheme
Traditional furnaces have a simple design. But this one allows to achieve high indicators of efficiency and productivity. Having examined the circuit of the stove, you can notice that the firebox acts as the main element of the body. Cooking ovens are complemented by stoves and ovens. If you wish, you can install a tank for heating water.
Firewood or coal is loaded into the firebox. It can have all kinds of dimensions. When determining its size, several factors should be taken into account, for example:
- required performance;
- type of fuel used;
- necessary volume.
If it is planned to be heated with wood, then this part of the structure can have a height of 50 to 100 cm. The stove circuit provides for a firebox made of refractory material. Walls must have a thickness of at least 0.5 bricks. Among the main elements is the chimney. It is designed to discharge gases with harmful inclusions. At the stage of its design, it is necessary to provide that its design has as few turns and bends as possible. Ideally, it is best to make this part fully vertical.
Bending can cause poor traction, which will reduce heating efficiency. The stove circuit also provides for the presence of a chamber - an ash pan. Here the spent part of the fuel is collected. It also provides air to the firebox. The ash chamber is located under the grate, its height is usually three bricks, it has its own door.
Finally
In order to provide furnace heating in the house, masonry work should be carried out. But first you need to determine the type of furnace and build a foundation for it. It should be separated from the base of the house so that they do not interact with each other. This is especially true for the case when the work is carried out after the construction of the dwelling.
It is important to observe the fire safety rules when laying brick stoves. So, from the wall, the structure must be removed at a certain distance or the surface should be protected along the perimeter with refractory material.