The climate of Moscow is characterized by moderate continentality, pronounced seasonality, and average humidity. Winters are moderately cold, and severe frosts are rare. Summer is mild, usually without extreme heat and drought. All this makes the Moscow climate favorable for human habitation. The wind rose in Moscow is determined by the geographical position and terrain conditions.
The most significant climate-forming factor, in addition to latitude, is the west-east transport of air masses, which determines the frequent change of cyclones and anticyclones. They are associated with rapid temperature changes. The daily temperature amplitude is quite significant. The average temperature for the year is + 5.8 ° C. The wind rose in Moscow and the Moscow region is much more repeatable in the western directions than in the eastern ones.
Wind mode
The average annual wind speed is 2.3 m / s. In areas with the most dense residential development, it is significantly lower; calm weather is often observed. In the cold season, the average wind speed is higher than in the warm season, about 1m / s. In summer, more significant winds are observed during the day. This is due to increased atmospheric instability, uneven heating of the earth's surface.
Wind roses
The wind rose of the city of Moscow is determined by its geographical location. The annual repeatability of the winds of the western points is much higher than the eastern ones. Obviously, this is due to the prevailing west-east transport of air masses and the presence of the Ural Mountains ridge in the east. Least of all there is an eastward wind. Rarely, but slightly more often, northeast winds occur. Further, in order of increasing frequency, winds of the north, southeast, south, west, southwest and northwest follow. At the same time, southwest winds are the most frequent in winter, and northwest winds in summer. Thus, the wind rose in Moscow is quite specific.
Strong winds
The strongest winds occur during the passage of a cold atmospheric front and have the character of squalls. Sometimes they cause serious damage. In addition to wind, cold fronts are accompanied by intense rainfall or snow, and sometimes hail, as well as thunderstorms and very powerful clouds, which have a low base and large thickness. In isolated cases, tornadoes can occur. The maximum wind speed during such processes in Moscow is 30 - 40 m / s. With a tornado, it can reach 70 - 80 m / s. Such a tornado was observed in the city on June 29, 1904 during the passage of a warm front through it.
The presence of urban development slows down, complicates, and sometimes strengthens (corridor effect) air flow. There is turbulence, impetuosity. Such a wind is unpredictable. It can be practically absent, and then suddenly fly in the form of a rush, touching one part of the territory and bypassing the other.
Ecology of Moscow and the wind rose
The location of polluting objects and the wind rose affect the distribution of pollution intensity over the city. In the center of Moscow its level is high in any direction of the wind, since the center is surrounded by the city from all sides, and there is a lot of transport there.
The presence of large industrial zones and an unfavorable wind rose make the Pechatniki district one of the dirtiest in the capital. The Kapotnya region also has an unfavorable wind rose; it is located next to the CHPP, Moscow Oil Refinery and MKAD.
The areas of Lublino and Brateevo are also very dirty, which is due to the proximity of the thermal power plant, the Moscow Ring Road and other sources of pollution. The situation is also exacerbated by a wind rose. All this indicates the great influence of the wind regime on the ecology of various areas of the capital.
Conclusion
The wind rose in Moscow differs in seasons and consists in the predominance of western winds . It also affects the level of air pollution in different areas of the capital.