What does the abbreviation HIA mean? Decryption says: limited health. This category includes persons who have developmental defects in both physical and psychological. The phrase "children with disabilities" means some deviations in the formation of the child if it is necessary to create special conditions for life.
Categories of children with disabilities
The main classification divides the unhealthy children into the following groups:
- with a disorder of behavior and communication;
- with hearing impairment;
- with visual impairment;
- with speech dysfunctions;
- with changes in the musculoskeletal system;
- with a retardation of mental development;
- with a delay in mental development;
- complex violations.
Children with disabilities, their types, provide correctional training schemes with which the child can be eliminated from the defect or significantly reduce its effect. So, for example, when working with children with visual impairments, special educational computer games are used that help improve the perception of this analyzer (mazes, Schulte tables and others).
Principles of Learning
Working with a child with disabilities is incredibly painstaking and requires a lot of patience. Each violation requires its own development program, the basic principles of which are:
1. Psychological safety.
2. Help in adapting to environmental conditions.
3. The unity of joint activities.
4. Motivation of the child to the educational process.
The initial stage of education includes cooperation with the teacher, increased interest in the implementation of various tasks. High school should strive to form a civic and moral position, as well as the formation of creative abilities. We must not forget about the impact on the development of children with disabilities of family education, which plays a major role in the formation of personality.
It is no secret that the process of formation of an individual includes the unity of systems of sociocultural and biological factors. Atypical development has a primary defect, which was caused by biological circumstances. He, in turn, forms secondary changes that have arisen on the pathological environment. For example, hearing impairment will be the primary defect , and dumbness will be secondary. Studying the relationship between primary and subsequent changes, the teacher L. S. Vygotsky put forward a provision that says that the further the primary defect is separated from the secondary symptoms, the more successful the correction of the latter. So, four factors influence the development of a child with disabilities: the type of violation, the quality, degree and duration of the main violation, as well as environmental conditions.
Teaching the guys
With the right and timely development of the child, many deviations in the further formation can be significantly mitigated. Education for children with disabilities should be of high quality. Currently, there is an increase in the number of children with severe disabilities, but at the same time, thanks to the use of the latest equipment, modern correctional programs, many students reach the desired level of development in their age category.
Currently, the trend of eliminating the inequality of secondary and correctional schools is gaining momentum, the role of inclusive education is increasing. In this regard, there is a great heterogeneity in the composition of students in their mental, physical, and mental development, which greatly complicates the adaptation of children with health deviations and without functional disorders. The teacher is often simply lost in the methods of helping and supporting students with disabilities. There are also shortcomings in the use of a variety of information technologies during lessons or optional classes. Such gaps are due to the following reasons:
1. The lack in the educational institution of the necessary technological infrastructure, software and hardware.
2. The lack of the necessary conditions focused on joint educational activities.
Thus, the creation of a “barrier-free” learning environment is still a problem.
Education for all
Distance learning confidently wins an honorable place in learning along with traditional forms. This way of organizing the educational process greatly simplifies obtaining a decent education for children with disabilities. The decoding of distance learning looks like this: this is a form of learning whose advantages are:
1. High adaptation to the living conditions and health of students.
2. Quick update of methodological support.
3. The ability to quickly obtain additional information.
4. The development of self-organization and independence.
5. An opportunity to receive help in an in-depth study of the subject.
This form is able to solve the issue of home schooling for frequently ill children, thereby smoothing the boundaries between them and the children without deviations in health.
GEF. Children with disabilities
Based on the Standard, four types of training programs are possible . The determination of the necessary option for students is based on the recommendations of the psychological, medical and pedagogical commission. For the successful implementation of the selected program, special conditions necessary for a child with disabilities are taken into account. The transition from one option to another is provided as the child develops. Such an action is possible subject to the following conditions: parental declaration, desire of the child, visible positive dynamics in education, results of the PMPC, as well as the creation of the necessary conditions by the educational organization.
GEF Development Programs
There are several curricula based on the Standard. The first option was created for children who were able to reach the desired level of development by the time they enter school and who can collaborate with peers. In this case, students with disabilities are enrolled along with healthy students. The interpretation of this option is as follows: children study in the same environment, basically the same requirements are presented to them, at the end of school everyone receives a document on education.
Children with disabilities who are studying in the first option have the right to undergo various types of certification in other forms. Special conditions are created for a specific student health category. The main educational program includes compulsory corrective work, which corrects deficiencies in the development of the child.
Second type of program
Pupils with disabilities who are studying at this school under this option are eligible for longer periods. Several curricula are added to the main program, taking into account the needs of the student with health restrictions. This option can be implemented both in the form of joint training with peers, and in separate groups or classes. An important role in the study is played by information technology and special equipment, which expands the capabilities of the student. The second option provides for mandatory work aimed at deepening and expanding the social experience of students with disabilities.
Third type
Pupils with disabilities studying in this option receive an education that is not comparable to that received by students without health problems. A prerequisite for the implementation of the curriculum is the creation of an adapted individual environment. Students with disabilities, together with the expert commission, choose the forms of certification and terms of study. In this case, it is possible to carry out educational activities both jointly with peers, and in individual groups and special organizations.
The fourth type of development program
In this case, a student with multiple health problems undergoes training according to an adapted program, taking into account the individual plan. A prerequisite is the formation of an environment in which the realization of life competence in society takes place to a large extent. The fourth option provides for home-based education, where the emphasis is on expanding social contacts and life experiences within the available range. To master the program, it is possible to use a network form of interaction using different educational resources. Students who have successfully completed the training under this option are issued a certificate of the established form.
Those schools that implement both basic programs and adapted to the needs of a child with disabilities can be considered promising. Such organizations include inclusive classes, which allows children with health problems to develop freely in society. Also in these schools there is continuous work not only with children, but also with their parents and teachers.
Sport as a reliable assistant. Working programm
HIA (diagnosis) is not a reason to reduce the motor activity of the child. The effectiveness of physical culture in the development of children is an indisputable fact. Thanks to sports, working capacity is increased, intellectual development, health is strengthened.
Exercises are selected individually or students are divided into groups depending on the categories of diseases. Classes begin with a warm-up, where, with musical accompaniment, the children perform a series of simple movements. The preparatory part takes no more than 10 minutes. Next, go to the main section. In this part, exercises are performed to strengthen the cardiovascular system, muscles of the arms and legs, to develop coordination, and others. The use of team games contributes to the successful functioning of communication skills, the "spirit of competition", the disclosure of their abilities. In the final part, the teacher proceeds to calm games and exercises, sums up the work done.
Curricula in any subject must necessarily comply with GEF. Children with disabilities can be corrected with appropriate physical activity, because it is no secret to anyone that, by developing the body, you develop the mind.
The role of parents
How to be for parents who have a child with disabilities. Deciphering the abbreviation is simple - limited health. Obtaining such a verdict puts parents in a state of helplessness, confusion. Many try to refute the diagnosis, but in the end comes the realization and acceptance of the defect. Parents adapt and take different positions - from "I will do everything for my child to become a full-fledged personality" to "I can’t have an unhealthy child." These provisions must be taken into account by psychologists when planning a correctional program for children with health problems. Parents need to know the right forms of help for their child, despite the types of disabilities, ways of adaptation, developmental features.
A new approach to education
Joint education of children with disabilities and without deviations in health is supported and described by a number of documents. Among them are: the National Doctrine of Education of the Russian Federation, the Concept of Modernization of Russian Education, the National Educational Initiative “Our New School”. Working with disabilities involves performing the following tasks in inclusive education: everyday, normative, labor, and also socially adapt students with their subsequent merger with society. For the successful formation of skills, special classes are organized in special schools, where all the conditions for the development of additional abilities are created for children. This form of educational activity for children with health problems should be coordinated with psychologists and take into account the individual characteristics of students. With long, patient work on the correction programs developed by psychologists, sooner or later there will certainly be a result.