The economy of any state is based on the development of various enterprises, which, due to their tax deductions to the country's treasury, form a positive balance as a result. The availability of money in the state, in turn, is the key to a successful life of the population, a guarantee of security, the integrity of the country, its stable development. One of the main sources of income at all times in developed countries was considered state-owned companies, a list of which we will examine in detail with you in this article. These enterprises play a significant role in the national economy, and sometimes even occupy leading positions in their niche.
State company definition
These financial organizations can be quite different in their capabilities, but in general they have certain similarities. So, a state-owned company is an organization that can have any legal form. Moreover, its main assets are owned either directly by the state or the municipality. Leaders are appointed to their posts (hired by contract) by government agencies. It is worth noting the following fact: a state-owned company is always guided not only by the search for the sources of the highest income, but also strives to satisfy the needs of society as much as possible, because the very name of the organization described indicates that the state is the main element acting both as a creator and as a consumer.
The main provisions
Any state company:
- It is obliged to have a seal on which the State Emblem of the Russian Federation will be depicted . Also, the full name of the organization should be engraved on the seal.
- He has open personal accounts with the Federal Treasury and the right to open settlement accounts with banking institutions or other credit organizations for various financial transactions.
- It does not have any restrictions on the duration of its activities.
- It is obliged to publish detailed reports on its activities provided for by law.
- It has the right to function in order to generate income from its activities, for which it was created. After payment of all fees and taxes provided by applicable law, the company may use the remaining material resources to achieve the goals stipulated by the Federal law.
- Not obliged to answer for obligations undertaken by the Russian Federation. In turn, the Russian Federation is not responsible for the obligations of the company.
Rights
Based on legislation, a state-owned company may:
- Open your additional representative offices and create various branches.
- Be a member of associations and other associations of organizations.
- Conclude legal contracts.
- Have your own symbols (pennants, flags, emblems, other symbols) and regulate the procedure for its placement and use on your facilities and vehicles.
The main advantages for the employee
Often, a state-owned company, the advantages of which will be indicated below, is not able to offer high wages for its personnel unit (an exception can only be made by senior managers). At the same time, work for such an organization will occur unambiguously in strict accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. In turn, for an ordinary person, this will mean that:
- He is guaranteed to receive an entry in his workbook. Also, an employment contract will certainly be concluded with him.
- All required taxes and mandatory contributions to the state budget will be regularly deducted from the salary, which means that there will be no claims from the tax inspectorate.
- He will be entitled to mandatory paid annual leave, parental leave, and sick leave.
- He will not be fired without observing all the norms and requirements prescribed by law (they will be warned in advance, they will pay severance pay, etc.).
- The working day will be standardized, payment for processing and work on the weekend will be provided in accordance with the law.
It is also important that for job seekers a state company puts forward less stringent age requirements than any private structure. This is especially true for people over forty who, by modern standards, are at risk in terms of employment.
Western trends
In many capitalist countries of the western part of our planet, a characteristic stable feature has long existed for a long time, which is as follows: young people initially build their careers and provide themselves with a good material base for the future in private firms and enterprises. After that, at the age of about 40-45, they change jobs and transfer to state-owned companies, the features of which, in turn, allow a person to relax a little, because such organizations have less energy consumption for the employee, as well as good pension and social security, which favorably affects quality and life expectancy. In addition, state-owned companies rarely advertise their vacancies on the Internet and most often work most closely with various labor exchanges and municipal services.
Creation Rules
The creation of a state company is regulated by law. In this case, it is imperative to form a board of directors (supervisory board) of the company (both are the highest governing body).
This governing body of the organization can decide the following issues:
- To approve the program of the company for a long period of time. This document should provide for the performance of production, financial, investment indicators, if established by federal law.
- To approve the principle of remuneration of employees, which should provide for the dependence of wages on the level of achievement of key performance indicators.
- Determine how to use the company's profits.
- Make decisions on transferring part of the organization’s tangible property to the state treasury of the Russian Federation.
Also, the supreme body has the right to form special committees and commissions for solving various issues. The order of activity of the created structures and their personal and quantitative composition are determined by a separate resolution of the supervisory board.
State-owned companies in the country's economy
Russian state-owned companies occupy leading positions in many sectors of the national economy of the Federation. However, there are industries where the presence of government organizations is very small (for example, coal, light and food industries).
Only 9% is owned by government agencies in the production of alcoholic beverages. This became possible only thanks to Tatspirtprom and Bashspirt.
The same rather low indicator - 9% - is typical for state-owned companies and in construction.
The degree of penetration of state influence in the pulp and paper industry is about 12%. Income to the treasury is deducted by only one state-owned enterprise - FSUE Gosznak. The main assets in this area for many years belong to private enterprises and firms.
The telecommunications sector is only 14% influenced by the state. The main state organization here is Rostelecom. On April 1, 2011, eight regional Svyazinvest companies and a number of FSUEs were joined to it.
State participation in the production of cars, semi-trailers and trailers is 17%, and in the creation of equipment and mechanisms - 15%.
Extremely weak positions of state influence in the extraction of ores of various metals and metallurgy. Here, state-owned companies have only 3% in the non-ferrous metallurgy industry. At the same time, private individuals fully own ferrous metallurgy.
Oil production. The country controls 23% of the industry. State control is due to the assets of Rosneft and Gazpromneft.
Electricity is 35% owned by government agencies. The main share falls on the Moscow region (Mosenergo, MOESK) and federal structures.
Considering that the state owns more than half of Gazprom’s shares, the country's gas production control is 48%.
57% - this is exactly what belongs to state-owned companies in the production of various ships, space and aircraft. The position of the state is very strong in the Ufa Engine-Building Production Association, Kazan Helicopter Plant, the aircraft factory of the city of Ulan-Ude, and the United Shipbuilding Company.
Large state-owned companies have the strongest influence in the transport industry - 73%. Here, railways, oil and gas pipelines come to the fore. Rail transport is run by Russian Railways, which is wholly owned by the state. Oil pipelines are controlled by Transneft, and gas pipelines are controlled by Gazprom.
Road monopolist
The state company Russian Highways was created and operates solely to fulfill the functions of the customer in the design, construction, reconstruction, overhaul and maintenance of roads. The company also organizes road traffic (including traffic flow management), provides the necessary level of services (speed, comfort, safety), charges for toll roads, monitors road safety, evaluates the transport and operational characteristics of roads . In addition, the state structure provides consulting, engineering and other services in its established field of activity. Its responsibilities include printing activities aimed at creating an atlas of roads of the Russian Federation. The company also creates, implements and applies innovative mechanisms for regulating traffic flows, keeps track of accident indicators on highways. Along with this, the organization has the right to submit state awards to its employees who carry out their activities in the field of road facilities.
It was decided to create a state-owned company on July 17, 2009. The basis of her work is the Federal Law signed by Dmitry Medved.
In 2014, the state-owned company Russian Highways reached an agreement with the Russian Direct Investment Fund regarding the joint attraction of investors to various transport infrastructure projects. This agreement allowed to increase the volume of construction of new roads in the country under state control. The contract allowed attracting at least 25% of project financing from leading foreign investors.
On June 24, 2016, Beijing hosted negotiations of the Intergovernmental Russian-Chinese Commission on Investment Cooperation, in which the chairman of Avtodor Sergey Kelbakh took part. The meeting resulted in the approval of a list of priority projects for the development of automotive infrastructure. So, in particular, special attention was paid to the construction of the route “Europe - Western China”. The project is part of the backbone network of expressways. In this global construction, the Russian state-owned company is the contractor, who will have to build about 2.3 thousand kilometers of roads. The project includes two phases. The first is 567 kilometers of the M-11 high-speed highway (Moscow - St. Petersburg). The second stage is from the Central Ring Road to the border with the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Giants of Russian open spaces
The largest state-owned companies in Russia, of course, are those organizations that largely determine the economic condition of the whole country. Therefore, it will be quite appropriate to consider the list of these titans. Among them are:
- "Russian Technologies".
- Rosatom.
- RusHydro.
- Federal Grid Company of the Unified Energy System.
- Rosneft
- Gazprom
- Transneft
- RAO "Energy Systems of the East".
- Aeroflot.
- "United Aircraft Corporation".
- "Russian Railways".
- Almaz-Antey.
- United Shipbuilding Corporation.
- Tactical Missile Corporation.
- AvtoVAZ.
- Military-Industrial Corporation "Scientific-Production Association of Mechanical Engineering".
- Rocket and Space Corporation Energia named after S.P. Korolev.
- Joint Stock Company "Alrosa".
- "Vega".
- Concern "Marine underwater weapons - Hydropribor".
- Center for shipbuilding and ship repair technology.
- "Roskhimzashchita".
- "Scientific and Production Corporation" Uralvagonzavod "named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky."
- Concern "Okeanpribor".
- "Information satellite systems" named after academician M. F. Reshetnev.
- United Industrial Corporation "Oboronprom".
- Microgen.
- FSUE "Space Communication".
- FSUE Russian Post.
- FSUE Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network.
- Irkutsk Energy and Electrification OJSC.
- The system operator of the Unified Energy System.
- Sheremetyevo International Airport.
- Koltsovo Airport.
All of these largest state-owned companies in Russia are under the control of federal executive bodies and the High Technology and Innovation Commission. This is done with the aim of developing and implementing innovative development programs.
State's greatest involvement
The conditional rating of state-owned companies, which account for the largest share of state influence, will have the following form:
- United Aircraft Corporation (UAC). The state-owned company is part of the engineering sector. The state owns 93.4% of the shares. The corporation was born in 2006. Initially, all 100% of the shares were owned by government agencies, but in 2009, part of the shares was sold to private individuals.
- Alrosa is the largest diamond producer in the country. The state owns 90.9% of the shares.
- Tattelecom. The authorities do not directly own the company, but thanks to the Svyazinvestneftekhim holding. At the same time, 87.2% of the shares are under state control.
- Rosneft is under the scrutiny of the government. The state holds 82% of the shares.
- The UES energy company is largely run by the Federal Property Management Agency (79.55%).
- Transneft 78.11% of the authorized capital stock is state property.
- Bank "VTB". Rosimushchestvo bought out 75.5% of the shares.
- Kubanenergo The energy company responsible for providing electricity to Sochi's Olympic facilities is 70% owned by the state.
- RusHydro. The share of the Federal Property Management Agency in the company is 60.5%.
- Inter RAO. The country owns almost 60% of the shares.
- Aeroflot is a full member of the SkyTeam aviation alliance, 51.17% of which is owned by the state.
In conclusion, we note: we hope that this article could still help you understand which companies are state-owned today, what are their main positive qualities and what is the proportion of participation in the development of Russia.