In the article we will talk about how to make a sewer in a private house with your own hands. Let's consider practical schemes on the basis of which it is possible to complete the construction of a drain system. Here is a description of the phased production of sewage, as well as useful tips and tricks. In the manufacture of the sewage system, it is necessary to take into account many factors, including the presence of groundwater, soil quality. Well, let's take a closer look at how to make a sewer in a private house with your own hands.
General rules and scheme
Compared to city apartments, not every private house has all communication systems. For this reason, the owners independently lay them in order to improve comfort in the house. It is worth noting that if the equipment of this system together with the water supply system is initially laid in the project, then there will be no problems during construction. It will be more difficult if you have to make a sewage system in an already built house. But what will the correct sewerage in a private house look like in this case? Can I make it with my own hands?
The easiest option for such a sewage system is if you install a shower and a sink inside the building, and the toilet is on the street. In this case, you can do without work on laying pipes, as well as installing various kinds of treatment facilities. Such a scheme implies that sewage will be discharged through a pipe from the house to the sewer pit. This is one of the options for proper sewage in a private house. It’s not difficult to make and implement a project with your own hands.
A more complicated option is when the shower, toilet and sink are in the building. But if you make incorrect calculations or violate the construction technology, there may be a big risk of pollution of your site, as well as water bodies, if they are near the house. In this case, it is better to use septic tanks. Please note that it is most reasonable to have the bathroom, kitchen and toilet as close to each other as possible. Carefully you need to think about the sewage system in a private house. With your own hands, you can make a plan for the location of all highways on the site. This will make installation easier.
In this case, you will be able to make one collector into which water from all sources will merge. Through it, all waste water will flow into a septic tank or sewage pit. Pay attention to the fact that such a sewerage device in a private house is popular. With your own hands, all installation work is easy to carry out.
Choosing a scheme for a one-story house
In order to correctly choose the scheme of the sewage system, it is necessary to take into account such moments:
- Do you live in this house all the time.
- At what level are groundwater.
- How many people live permanently in the house.
- How much water is consumed daily by residents and household appliances.
- Type of soil, its structure. This determines how the installation of sewage in a private house will be carried out. You can do everything with your own hands, but working with the soil is the most time-consuming.
- Climatic conditions in your area.
- The total area of the plot. It will determine the availability of zones for the installation of a cleaning system.
- Prescriptions of regulatory documents, in particular, SNIP.
In total, two large categories of sewage systems can be distinguished. It is purifying and funded. If you classify in more detail, then you will be able to choose the most suitable option for certain operating conditions. It is worth noting that even with the same type of scheme there are significant differences.
Often used cesspool. But it is best used if you are not living in the house all the time. This option is ideal for a summer cottage. Groundwater should be no higher than 1 m from the bottom of the cesspool. If they are too high, then it is necessary to use storage tanks. The tanks are tight in them, so you will not contaminate the soil with waste.
In addition, groundwater will not enter the septic tank. But this design has drawbacks. Firstly, you will have to additionally spend money on sewage services. The drains will have to be pumped out from time to time. Secondly, you need to ensure the free access of equipment to the septic tank. Be sure to take all these points into account when installing your own sewer in a private house.
Varieties of sewer systems
The simplest are single chamber septic tanks. The design and operation principle of them is approximately the same as that of cesspools. Such a scheme works well if the groundwater is not very high. In the same case, if people constantly live in the house, and the groundwater is too high, it is not recommended to use a single-chamber septic tank when arranging the sewage system in a private house.
Bicameral septic tanks also depend on groundwater. It is necessary that the bottom of the septic tank is at a distance of more than 1 meter from their level. In order for the two-chamber septic tank to work properly, it is necessary to replace crushed stone and sand at least once every 5 years. The best can be called septic tanks with installed biological filters. They are suitable for houses in which people constantly live, there are no requirements for the level of groundwater. To make a simple sewer in a private house with your own hands using this technology will not be difficult.
In order to recycle waste, microorganisms are used. It is enough to pour them into the sink or toilet bowl so that they get into the septic tank and start working. True, for normal operation, you will have to connect the equipment to the mains. You can make such a sewer with your own hands for a one-story private house. But first of all, you need to look not at the number of storeys, but at the volume of wastewater.
There are septic tanks with a filtration field. They allow you to immediately perform double cleaning - biological and soil. One tank is divided into two parts. Such a sewage system can only be installed if the groundwater is at a depth of about 3 m. Also, a large area is required for the construction. When installing a sewage system in a private house, it is recommended to maintain a distance of at least 30 m from the water sources and the nearest buildings.
There is a so-called forced air system or aeration tank. Its construction is quite expensive, but due to its advantages, they justify these investments. There are no restrictions on installation, but you will have to supply power. It is also necessary that someone constantly monitors the functioning of this system. The cost of sewage is quite large, it starts from two hundred thousand rubles.
How to do the sewer
The construction of any communication should be carried out according to a project developed and approved in advance. It is usually accompanied by a circuit that allows you to make internal and external wiring of the sewer system. If you wish, you can start by arranging the internal sewage system. It is not difficult to make it in a private house with your own hands, it consists of:
- Highways.
- Stoyakov.
- Zones for connecting plumbing.
By plumbing, we mean showers that do not have trays, sinks, toilets, bathtubs. A pipe is installed at the end of the internal system. This element is approximately on the same level with the foundation of the house. And this point needs to be considered when we do the sewers in a private house with our own hands.
When arranging an external sewage system, you will have to make a pipeline. It will allow to divert all effluents from the house to the treatment or storage equipment. After approval and production of the project, you need to determine how many pipes you need. It is necessary to determine not only the size of the length, but also the diameter. Be sure to calculate how much consumables you need for installation.
How to choose a place for installation of a septic tank
When arranging a sewage system, it is very important to find the right place to install the septic tank. Pay attention to such moments:
- At what depth are groundwater.
- The relief of the site where the work is planned. Pay attention to the fact that the effluents must flow to the septic tank by gravity.
- To what depth does the soil freeze in winter.
- Are there sources of drinking water on the site.
- What is the structure of the soil.
The sandy soil is loose, so the fluid easily passes through it. In this case, there is a high probability that groundwater will be contaminated with waste from the sewage system. If you decide to install a septic tank, then it is extremely important to know what distances you need to withstand from various objects:
- You need to retreat from the apartment building at least 5 m.
- Trees should be at a distance of more than 3 m.
- Drinking water sources must be at a distance of over 30 m.
At the first stage, it is also necessary to determine how the sewage machine will call in to the septic tank.
How to make an internal sewer
It is extremely important to note all points on the scheme of arrangement of the internal sewerage. First you need to install the central riser. It is advisable to make it from a pipe with a diameter of 110 mm. In order for all the gases to calmly leave the house, you need to put it in such a way that the top edge goes into the attic or protrudes above the roof. Please note that the central riser must be placed at least 4 m from the windows of the house.
Next, you need to lay horizontal pipelines of the internal sewage system in a private house. You can do this work with your own hands, since you do not need to use special equipment. If you install inspection hatches, this will allow you to easily monitor the condition of the entire system, and if necessary, clean it.
Revision hatches are best placed at the lowest point, as well as above the toilet. Each plumbing fixture needs a siphon with a water seal. It will completely eliminate the ingress of unpleasant odors into the rooms. Try not to rotate the pipes at right angles. In this case, the movement of wastewater will be significantly more complicated.
The pipe that comes from the toilet must be connected directly to the system. For this, a pipe with a diameter of more than 100 mm is used. The bath and sink can be connected with pipes even with a diameter of 50 mm. The line must be placed at such an angle that the free movement of fluid is ensured. It is absolutely necessary to make a blank in the foundation. It is through it that subsequently will be laid sewage in a private house. With their own hands, these works are performed without labor, if you do them at the construction stage.
At this point, it is recommended to install a check valve, it will not allow sewage to flow back into the internal system. If you really need to make a right angle turn, it is best to take two corner parts at 45 degrees. And already make a turn of them.
We begin preparation for installation
The design of a septic tank is nothing more than a two-chamber collector. Its sections are connected using an overflow pipe. First you need to dig a pit, its depth should be about 3 m. The diameter must be selected based on how much septic tank you need to make. It depends on how many people live permanently in the house. The pit can be dug either manually or using special equipment.
At the bottom you need to equip a sand cushion. Its thickness should be no more than 15 cm. After that, formwork is installed from boards or chipboard. It is advisable to strengthen it with reinforcement. Next, perform the dressing with the help of steel wire and make two holes in the formwork. In them, you install the cuttings of the sewer pipes. So you can make the entrance area of the highway, as well as an overflow pipe that will connect the sections.
Now the formwork can be concreted. In order for the solution to be distributed as evenly as possible inside, you need to use a vibrating tool. Please note that the walls of the septic tank must be monolithic, so you need to fill them in at a time.
Installation of external sewage. We equip a two-chamber septic tank
At the bottom of the first pharmacy, it is necessary to pour concrete. As a result, you get a pressurized section, it will be used in our system as a sump. In it, solid and large fractions will be separated from the wastewater, they will all settle at the bottom. The top of the compartment will accumulate purified water. And an overflow pipe is installed on top, with its help water will fall into the second compartment. By the way, if you use aerobic bacteria, you can increase the degree of decomposition of solid elements.
In the second compartment, the bottom can not be done. The chamber is made of concrete rings, or is filled with cement, as in the past case. The diameter of the compartment should be about one and a half meters. But at the bottom you need to make a pillow of gravel, gravel or pebbles. As for the overflow pipe, it must be tilted by about 3 cm per meter. Think in advance what the layout of the sewage system in a private house will look like. Do-it-yourself installation of all connections is carried out only under the condition of high-quality sealing of joints.
Very often a two-section design is used. Although without problems you can increase the number of compartments - this will ensure the maximum degree of cleaning. As for the ceilings, they can also be done independently. To do this, pour the solution over the septic tank. Mandatory manufacture of reinforcement. An alternative is reinforced concrete slabs.
Be sure to install the inspection hatch, with it you will monitor the filling of the section and the hood. After installation, you need to fill the foundation pit with sand or soil. The septic tank from large fractions should be cleaned about once every 2-3 years.
In fact, the step-by-step construction of any system looks like this:
- planning;
- preparatory work on the site - clearing, marking;
- excavation;
- installation of the internal system;
- installation of a septic tank (containers);
- trunk installation;
- connection and inspection of pipelines.
How to lay the pipeline
From the outlet of the internal sewer system to the septic tank, it is necessary to lay a highway. Moreover, it should be located under a certain slope, due to which the outflow of all spent liquid is ensured. The larger the diameter of the pipe, the smaller the angle needed for the pipe to work properly. On average, the slope should be about 2 degrees. The line should be lower than the level of freezing in winter.
Usually it is about 1 meter, but depending on the region, this indicator may increase or decrease. If you live in a warm region, then there is no need to deepen the pipes much. It is enough to lay them at a depth of about 70 cm. Moreover, before installing the pipes, it is necessary to fill the sand into the bottom of the trench and carefully compact it. This will allow you to securely fix the pipes and prevent their destruction when displacing the soil.
The most optimal option for a summer residence will be laying the highway in a straight line from the house to the septic tank. Of course, if necessary, turns are allowed. But in the place where the pipe turns, you need to equip a viewing well. It is allowed to use both cast iron and plastic pipes designed exclusively for arranging an external sewage system.
The minimum pipe diameter is 110 mm. All joints must be treated with sealants. First you need to fill up with sand, then with soil. In the event that it is not possible to lay the highway at a great depth, it will need to be insulated. For this, thermal insulation is used.
Is it possible to do without pumping
Two- and three-chamber septic tanks, as a rule, do not require pumping. In the event that the system has two reservoirs, about 3/4 of the entire system should fall on the sump. In the case of 3 chambers, the sump should occupy at least half the volume. In the very first section, heavy fractions settle. As it fills, a relatively clean liquid enters the next compartment. It separates the lighter fractions.
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- Small dimensions.
- No need to call a sewer machine to clean the sewer.
- It is possible to mount such a system even in case of high occurrence of groundwater.
- There are no odors from an autonomous sewer.
- High resource system. If everything is done correctly, observing all the requirements, then such a system will last up to 50 years.
Some tips for installing an autonomous sewer
As with septic tanks, the pipeline is mounted at an angle. It is recommended to make a slope of about 2..5 degrees. In the event that you ignore the requirements, the drains will be poorly discharged. When laying the highway, make sure that all its elements are as securely fixed as possible. In order to completely eliminate the risk of highway deformation and displacement during soil subsidence, it is necessary to carefully compact the soil at the bottom. In fact, making an autonomous sewer for a private house with your own hands is as simple as a septic tank. The most difficult thing is working with the soil.
The foundation will be much more reliable if the bottom is filled with concrete. When installing the pipe, try to lay in a straight line. Cornering is not recommended. All joints must be treated with sealant. You can use liquid clay for this. Please note that when using pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, it is allowed to make a maximum length of no more than 5 m. If you use pipes of 100 mm, then the length of the straight section can be a maximum of 8 m. And note that all septic tanks must be placed at least in 10 m from the apartment building. Therefore, you need to choose pipes of larger diameter.
Construction of autonomous sewers independently
As in the case of septic tanks, you first need to choose the best place for mounting the tank. Then proceed with earthworks. In order to install the tank, you will need to dig a pit. Its dimensions should be approximately 30 cm larger than the containers. Please note that you can place the biofilter and septic tank in one pit.
After digging a pit, it is necessary to make trenches along which the highway will be laid. At the bottom of the pit, it is advisable to make a pillow over which to pour concrete. After the final hardening of the solution, you can install a plastic or concrete container. To fix the structure at the bottom, it is recommended to use cables.
The next stage is the assembly of the sewage system, as well as the connection of the highway. It is necessary to think over the whole design scheme in advance. At the same stage, the biofilter blocks are filled. For this, you can use both expanded clay and absorbents. After installing the entire system, the trench must be filled up. The use of a cement-sand mixture, soil and sand is allowed.
It is recommended to alternate all these mixtures, as well as carefully tamp. It is recommended that the highway be first covered with sand, and then only with soil. The entire system can only be connected after a final check. As you can see, self-installation is not very difficult. And if you provide for inspection holes, then cleaning the sewers in a private house with your own hands will not be difficult. A large number of finished structures are on sale, so the manufacture of sewage is simplified many times.
A little bit about the cost of sewage
Of course, if we do the sewers in a private house with our own hands, we can very well use the services of experienced builders. But they will require a tidy sum for the work. The cost directly depends on such nuances:
- Are there any features during earthwork. For example, whether it is necessary to form a foundation pit or trench.
- Is there a need to install a system that will carry out soil cleaning.
- The cost of installing sewage per 1 m. On average, they charge from 35 rubles per linear meter.
- Do I need to install additional equipment.
- Is there a need for the installation of additional structures to divert already purified water.
As a rule, during the construction of turnkey septic tanks, 2 to 3 people work. Installation of the structure is done manually, special heavy equipment is not necessary to use. As the owner of the site, this is at your fingertips, as the landscape will not deteriorate. In addition, you will significantly save on earthworks. The options for sewer systems in private houses in the photo are given. Do it yourself, anyone can repeat such designs.