In the article we will understand what rumor is.
The organ of hearing is the most emotionally colored and important “window” of a person into the world, sometimes even more important than vision. Therefore, the appearance of pain in the ears or hearing loss is perceived as a real disaster.
The concept of "organ of hearing"
It is understood as a paired organ, the main function of which is the perception of sound signals by a person, which means orientation in the world around him. For its proper functioning, it must be properly and carefully monitored. To do this, it will be useful to get acquainted with the structure and functions of the hearing organs in more detail. The ear has a very complex structure. You must also take into account the fact that hearing is directly related to the ability to speak.
What is rumor, many do not understand.
The structure of the hearing organs
The human organ of hearing can perceive sounds in the range of 16–20,000 vibrations of sound waves per second. Its age-related features suggest the following: the number of perceived vibrations decreases with age. Older people are able to perceive a maximum of 15,000 fluctuations in one second.
The hearing organ is located in the cranial temporal bone and is divided into three departments, which are functionally and anatomically related:
- inner ear;
- middle ear;
- outer ear.
Each department of the organ of hearing has its own structural and functional features.
Outer ear
The first section includes the auditory canal (or auditory canal) and the auricle. Due to the shell of the ear, it catches waves of sound as a specific locator. Then the sound moves into the auditory canal. The eardrum is located between the middle and outer ear. It is able to vibrate, so it transfers all sound vibrations to the middle ear. The auricle itself is a cartilaginous tissue covered with skin.
The main function of the outer ear is to protect. The cells located in the ear canal can produce sulfur, which protects both the inner and middle ears from the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms and dust.
External ear function
Other functions are also characteristic of the outer ear:
- concentration of sounds coming from different directions;
- reception of sound waves;
- environmental protection;
- preservation of the required temperature and humidity.
It is the outer ear that determines the functionality of the auditory organs. You need to know that different pathologies in it provoke the inflammatory process of the middle ear and sometimes the inner one. Therefore, if even a slight soreness is felt, you should hurry to the doctor.
The value of hearing in human life is great, and this must be taken into account.
Middle ear
The second section of the human auditory organ includes a tympanic cavity located in the temple area, and an auditory tube.
The drum cavity is filled with air, in size it is not more than one cubic centimeter. It includes six walls:
- medial - has two holes, and a stirrup is inserted into one of them;
- lateral - in shape resembles a dome, includes anvil and the head of a malleus;
- back - a small cavity that protrudes towards the mastoid process;
- upper - separates the tympanum and skull;
- bottom wall - bottom;
- front - near it is the internal carotid artery.
The auditory ossicles are a stapes, an anvil, and a malleus connected by joints with each other. Also in the middle ear are lymphatic vessels, nerves and arteries.
Sound holding
The main function of this department is to conduct sound. Air vibrations affect the eardrum and auditory ossicles, after which sounds are transmitted to the inner ear.
In addition to the above, the middle ear can:
- to protect the auditory organs from loud sounds;
- keep the eardrum and auditory ossicles in good shape;
- adapt the acoustic apparatus to various sounds.
The importance of the organ of hearing will be described in more detail below.
Inner ear
This department is also called the labyrinth. It includes membranous and bone labyrinths. The second - small passages and cavities connected to each other, their walls include bones.
In the inner area of the ossified labyrinth is webbed.
The following sections are distinguished in the inner ear:
- ear snail;
- semicircular ducts (canals);
- vestibule.
The vestibule is an ovoid type cavity located in the middle in the ear labyrinth. There are five holes that are directed to the channels. Ahead is the largest hole, it leads to the main duct of the cochlea. One hole has a membrane, on the other at the exit there is a stirrup-plate.
In addition, it must be said that in the area of the vestibule there is a scallop that divides the cavity into two parts. The recess located in the area under the scallop extends into the duct of the cochlea.
Snail
The snail resembles a spiral, it consists of bone tissue. She is very reliable and durable.
The functions of this department include:
- conducting through the ducts of sounds;
- the transformation of sounds into impulses that then enter the brain;
- orientation of the person in space, stable balance.
The main organs of equilibrium are the membranous labyrinth and ducts. The structure of the organ allows you to establish where the sound source is located, and to navigate well in space. Thanks to the inner ear, you can determine where and from which direction the sounds are coming. The balance that this organ is responsible for allows a person to stand, not bend, and not fall. If something is broken, dizziness, uneven walking, bending and inability to stand appear.
The auditory organs are interconnected. In order for this body to function normally, it is necessary to adhere to simple recommendations and rules. At the slightest discomfort, you should immediately consult a doctor. Do not listen to music at high volume and hygiene of the ear shells. Anatomy describes in more detail the features of the organ of hearing.
The value of binaural hearing
What is it? Binaural hearing (Latin bini, that is, two, and auricular, that is, the ear) is sound perception through both ears and the symmetrical (left and right) parts of the hearing system.
The presence of both hearing aids allows a person to perceive the sound spatial world and understand where sound signals move in space.
The main signs of binaural hearing include: localization in space, binaural summation of volume, preceding effect, binaural beats, binaural unmasking, sound fusion when setting the height, as well as the effects of the “left” and “right” ears when a person perceives music and speech.
The value of age in the formation of hearing
The beginning of the functioning of the auditory system is noted even before the birth of the baby - from six months of development inside the womb. The child perfectly hears the mother’s heartbeat and her voice, and as her hearing develops, she can hear music, the voices of loved ones and environmental noises.
The development of the baby’s auditory system from the moment of birth is activated under the influence of environmental sounds. Throughout the entire period of childhood, a person remembers sounds, learns to correlate them with an object that makes sounds, masters the so-called sound dictionary.
What is the meaning of hearing for a child?
Twelve hours after birth, the baby can already distinguish human speech from other sounds, reacting to it with barely noticeable movements. The newborn has the ability to accurately distinguish between the voices of other people and the voice of the mother.
Modern studies have proven that the baby can distinguish between his own and a foreign language.
Children from birth to the year react differently to the pitch and volume of the sound. The child usually reacts to sound stimuli in this way:
- blinking and widening of the eyes;
- concentration of hearing, that is, partial or complete inhibition of movements (sucking when the baby is eating, and general);
- trembling of the body completely (if the child heard a loud and sharp sound).
It is necessary to remember that the baby hears even when he is sleeping. When you increase the volume of sounds, he begins to move or wakes up.
If the newborn has normal hearing, it only responds to sounds that are made at a small distance from it (no more than one and a half meters).
In two or three months, he reacts to the sound by inhibition or activation of sucking movements (when he eats at that moment), wide opening or turning his eyes towards a well-known adult. The largest distance at which a child is able to respond to sound is two to three meters.
At two months of age, a revitalization complex develops: the baby actively moves its legs and arms, smiles when they talk to him kindly.
From the age of three months to six months, the child can establish the localization of the sound source to the left or right of himself. He leads his eyes in response to the sound, turns his head towards the object that makes it. This is what rumor is.
There is no need to be afraid if the reaction does not occur immediately - sometimes babies react to sound only after a few seconds. The largest distance that children can hear at this age is three to four meters. In physically weakened and premature babies, and in babies with impaired psychomotor development, a later formation of the reaction of finding a sound source may be observed.
Children at this age have a negative reaction to sudden, sharp sounds.
A child aged from six months to a year reacts to a sound that is made behind, to the left and to the right of it. Initially, the distance at which children hear sound at this age is four meters, and six meters a year.
Children of early and preschool age
In children of early and preschool age, the formation of auditory perception allows for the development of ideas about the sounds of the surrounding world, as well as orientation to sound as one of the most important properties and characteristics of phenomena and objects of inanimate and living nature.
Owing to the mastery of sound characteristics, the integrity of perception is formed, which plays an important role in the cognitive development of children.
Rumor has a special role in speech perception. Auditory perception primarily develops as a means of ensuring the interaction and communication of people.
Causes of Violations
Next, the causes of hearing loss will be described.
Hearing impairment is classified as full (or deafness) and partial (or hearing loss), expressed in a deterioration in the ability to detect, recognize and understand sounds. Among other things, deafness can be acquired or congenital.
- The first cause of hearing loss is the long-term effect of noise. If people live near airports, factories or busy highways, they are exposed to sound exposure every day, its intensity reaches 75 dB. If a person stays too often on the street or is at home with ajar windows, he may gradually develop impairment and hearing loss. Do not listen to players at maximum volume and for a long time.
- Hereditary Hearing Impairment - Includes birth defects or deafness. What other causes of hearing loss are there?
- The use of certain medications can cause deterioration, including deafness.
- Hearing loss provoked by inflammatory pathologies of the middle ear. In inflammatory diseases, in particular of a chronic nature, sound conduction through the components of the middle ear to the cochlea is disrupted.
- Another reason for hearing impairment is vascular pathology. Its decline is very often formed in such vascular diseases as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and becomes one of the signs of these pathologies.
- The cause of hearing loss in children can be physical injury. A hearing loss injury can be inflicted on the ear itself, and on the center of the brain, which processes the sound information.
We examined what rumor is.