Wanting to fully relax in his country house with family or friends, the owner must take care of arranging an autonomous sewer. In many areas, the supply of central communications is simply not possible. Therefore, the summer residents always raise the question of the need for waste disposal in an acceptable way.
Previously, the solution to this problem was the creation of a cesspool. Technology does not stand still. Septic tanks possess improved operational characteristics. Today, there are many options for arranging such structures. Making a septic tank can be done with your own hands. For this, the owner of suburban real estate should familiarize themselves with the technology and all the nuances of such work.
general characteristics
Earlier in private and country houses a cesspool and an outdoor shower were equipped. All dirty runoff fell directly into the soil. Such an organization of autonomous sewage for this reason had many shortcomings. Today, a different, more advanced system is used.
The manufacture of a septic tank using new technology allows you to clean the drains before they enter the soil. Moreover, such a process can occur in a sand and gravel filter, in a special field, a trench or a well. In this case, post-treatment is performed mechanically.
Design features of a septic tank allow it to perform its functions in full. Wastewater treatment takes place in several stages. For this , the septic system has several compartments. They can be underground or on the surface of the site.
The manufacture of septic tanks in Tyumen , Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities of our country is carried out in accordance with sanitary norms and rules. Three-level cleaning is carried out according to the generally accepted principle. First, heavy waste particles settle to the bottom, while the lungs remain on the surface. Purified water is in the middle. Bacteria inside the tank also process human waste.
Septic tank is not intended for complete wastewater treatment. It is only capable of pre-filtering certain types of contaminants before further discharges into the soil or other types of disposal. The owner of a private house can purchase or build a waste container on his own.
Types of structures
Septic tanks can be single-chamber or multi-chamber. When choosing a design, it is necessary to take into account the volume of domestic water consumption on the site. Experts say that the number of cameras plays a secondary role. It is much more important to calculate the period of wastewater flow through the system. The larger the volume of the septic tank, the longer the water will be inside. Accordingly, the quality of wastewater treatment depends on this.
Making a septic tank too large can cause a number of unpleasant consequences. The sediment will fall unevenly to the bottom of the tank. Solids from sewage will settle at the beginning of the septic tank. Moreover, the disposal of accumulated waste will be quite difficult. For this, a septic tank will require several additional hatches.
To precipitate evenly, a design of two containers is used. To avoid repeated water pollution, the owners should equip a three-chamber septic tank.
The manufacture of a single chamber septic tank in a private house is acceptable only with daily water consumption in the country up to 1 m³ per day. The owners are in their country house in this case is extremely rare and not for long. One- and two-chamber septic tanks most often do not have a drainage system. Periodically, such containers must be cleaned with a vacuum cleaner.
In a multi-chamber septic tank, water will gradually flow through the tanks for 10 days. At the same time, various bacteria will process organic waste efficiently. Of such systems, it is allowed to drain water even into nearby rivers, and reuse it for irrigation of the site. Such designs are acceptable for a large house or group of structures in which a large number of people reside.
Principle of operation
A modern septic tank, the production of which is carried out in various cities of our country, can have a different functioning principle. Three main groups of the presented designs are distinguished. The first type of septic tanks include systems with soil filtration. The second group is storage tanks. The third type includes the most modern devices. This is a sewage system with deep biological treatment.
If the owners of the cottage or private house live in it year-round, it should be considered as an acceptable option a septic tank with soil filtration of effluents. Such an aggregate first accumulates waste in itself, and then cleans it. Inside the container are special bacteria. Sludge is rarely cleaned up. The disadvantage of this design is the impossibility of its installation in areas with frequent rising groundwater levels.
Most often, fiberglass , polyethylene or polypropylene septic tanks have a storage tank type. This design is an improved version of the cesspool. Waste water is collected in the septic tank. The waste contained in them is divided into groups by weight. Organic components break down naturally and solid particles settle. Such designs can withstand high pressure, loads. However, periodically the sediment will need to be cleaned from the tank using special equipment.
Autonomous sewage system with a deep biological treatment system uses several mechanisms in operation. First, solid waste is settled. Then, biological treatment of the liquid is performed. For this, anaerobic and aerobic bacteria are inside the septic tank.
After this stage, the water undergoes chemical disinfection. After that, it can be used for household purposes or discharged into water bodies. The cost of this equipment is quite high, but during the operation of the system does not require additional costs for maintenance of the structure.
Material selection
For the manufacture of septic tanks, materials such as reinforced concrete, plastic, fiberglass, brick, monolithic concrete can be used.
Today, the manufacture of septic tanks made of fiberglass and plastic is very popular. These are ready-made containers that you only need to install in a prepared hole and connect to communications. These are durable, reliable designs. Due to the fact that plastic is a material subject to soil pressure, a reinforced concrete bin is installed over such structures.
Fiberglass containers are more durable. They are less susceptible to pressure on the walls. Today, fiberglass storage tanks are manufactured in areas such as the city of Yekaterinburg, as well as Prim. region (Yaroslavka). A septic tank factory for this material is also located in St. Petersburg.
Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures are preferable when creating a single-chamber septic tank. The design is characterized by increased strength, durability. To build such a septic tank is quick and easy. It will take only one day to install and connect the system. Also, the construction of a brick septic tank is very quickly completed.
If on the site it is planned to create a two-chamber septic tank, it will be cheaper and easier to choose monolithic concrete. Brick structures are also allowed to be created in this case. In this case, two separate wells are being erected.
Consideration of geological features of the site
The manufacture of septic tanks in Tyumen , Yekaterinburg, Moscow and other cities of our country should be carried out taking into account the geological features of the area. The reliability and durability of the system will depend on this. Each type of material from which the septic tank is made differs in a limited scope. Therefore, when choosing, it is necessary to consider what type of terrain this or that design is intended for.
Sandy soils are best suited for arranging different types of septic tanks. In such conditions, it is allowed to use almost any material. Most often used concrete, reinforced concrete, brick and some improvised means. There are septic tanks whose walls are made of old tires, stainless barrels, etc. Home-made concrete, reinforced concrete structures are also well suited for soils with a high ability to pass water.
If the soil is clay, accumulative structures or biological treatment plants should be purchased. The manufacture of septic tanks from fiberglass , polypropylene in this case will be preferable. Sealed containers will not allow fluid to enter the soil. Otherwise, there is a risk of wetlands.
In addition to the type of soil, it is necessary to take into account the level of occurrence of groundwater. If they are close to the surface or often rise, for example, during melting snow or heavy rainfall, it is better not to use a septic tank with a post-treatment system. In this case, the best option would be a plastic storage tank or biological treatment design.
Manufacturer's choice
Wanting to purchase a septic tank, the owner of a private house should consider the popular models of designs presented today in the plumbing equipment market. There are both foreign and domestic products. The latter option is preferable, since the quality of Russian-made septic tanks is not inferior to imported analogues, and their cost is much less.
Capacities, as well as components for the manufacture of septic tanks, are today represented by several popular domestic companies. These include items such as Tank, Triton, Topas, Poplar and Tver. These are the most popular models, the cost of which ranges from 60 to 150 thousand rubles. The price depends on the complexity and volume of the structure, as well as the manufacturer.
The equipment presented is of high quality. It complies with hygiene standards. However, not every owner of suburban real estate can afford such designs. In this case, alternative septic tanks can be considered. Their popularity is only gaining momentum.
For example, you can consider as a worthy version of the containers made of fiberglass, which produces Note. region (Yaroslavka). A septic tank factory was recently built here. But the quality of the products of this manufacturer is at a high level. Also noteworthy is the Beaver septic tank. Its cost will be less than that of leading brands.
A detailed review of popular and promising models of equipment for arranging autonomous sewage will help you choose the best option for your summer cottage.
Popular models
Top sellers today are the septic tanks "Topas" and "Tank". The features of the presented systems should be found out to the owners of a private house before buying expensive equipment.
Some builders claim that making concrete septic tanks without a bottom will be a good alternative to arranging a cesspool. However, this is not the case. A worthy option in this case will be the arrangement of a septic tank of accumulative type. One of the best devices for autonomous sewage is the Topas model. The cost of such a septic tank, depending on the volume and type of construction, ranges from 70 to 135 thousand rubles.
"Topas" avoids the appearance of an unpleasant odor in the area, and also provides the treatment of high-quality effluents. Making a septic tank with your own hands can be done using this model.
The Tank system is a fully autonomous sewage system for suburban cottages and summer cottages. The tank is a solid propylene construction. The wall thickness is 10 mm, and on the ribs - 17 mm. This is a three-chamber septic tank with a powerful eco-filter inside. Solid waste is pumped out of the tank only once a year. This is made possible thanks to the special design of the equipment presented.
The assembly of the “Tank” design is carried out using a certain number of modules. This allows you to create the optimal volume inside the containers. This is a non-volatile system, the liquid overflow inside which is carried out due to the proper organization of the internal pipes.
Alternative models
There are many alternative models of equipment presented, which will have a lower cost. The quality of the septic tanks of developing enterprises can be quite high.
You can also consider equipment options from less popular types of material. For example, it can be the manufacture of septic tanks from metal. In St. Petersburg, Moscow, there are companies specializing in the production of such equipment.
The septic tanks of the Yaroslavsky Color company are famous for their high quality. Their Dochista models and Dochista Profi treatment plants are only gaining popularity. However, the fiberglass containers that this manufacturer presents on the market are characterized by high performance and reliability.
The use of Beaver septic tanks is also becoming popular. This equipment has a reasonable price. A turnkey installation will cost the owner of suburban real estate about 60-70 thousand rubles.
The manufacture of the Beaver septic tank is carried out in accordance with new technological developments. The advantage of such a system is the need for service once every 7-10 years. This was achieved thanks to special design solutions in the development of the presented model. When fully equipped, the Beaver septic tank has 6 degrees of purification. Thanks to this, purified water can be used to water plants and trees on the site.
Homemade septic tank
If you buy a ready-made system for the owners of a country house expensively, you can equip a homemade septic tank on the site . To do this, you need to calculate the correct volume of tanks, as well as to think over the design of the system. The volume of the system should be 3 times higher than the water consumption in the house. At the same time, water should always be inside the septic tank.
If the septic tank consists of two chambers, the first of them should be larger. Its volume in the total capacity of the system is 75%. If the purifier is three-chamber, the first capacity should be 50% of the system, and the next two - 25% each. If the owners choose a system consisting of concrete rings, the volume of each section will be the same.
Next, you need to consider the location of the septic tank on the site. According to regulatory requirements, it should be at least 5 m from the house and 30 m from the well (well). The best place for such purposes is an elevated place on the site. This avoids the ingress of melt water or precipitation into the septic tank.
Sewer pipes should be connected to the system at a slight angle. They should not have bends, otherwise a blockage will form over time. The planning of the autonomous sewage system is carried out at the design stage of the building. It is necessary to clearly correlate the location of communications inside the house in order to properly equip a septic tank.
After designing, you need to purchase the right amount of materials. The manufacture of septic tanks from concrete rings involves the acquisition of about 9 such structural elements. You will also need 3 manhole covers (according to the number of holes).
System arrangement
After the preparatory work is done, you can begin to create an autonomous sewer. There are methods according to which the manufacture of septic tank rings from old large-diameter tires takes place. However, concrete structures are considered more durable.
During the construction of a septic tank, 3 wells with a diameter of about 2.5-2.8 m must be dug in a row (slightly larger than the diameter of the rings). Their depth should be 3 m. At the bottom of the first two pits, it is necessary to fill the concrete base. Crane rings are installed in the wells. In each pit you will need to put 3 pcs. rings (one on top of the other). To do this, you need to think about the passage of equipment to the place of work in advance.
Joints are filled with liquid glass. Some owners process the walls of the wells with bitumen. High-quality isolation of system elements is an important stage in the execution of work.
Further, the space from the walls of the pit to the rings is filled up with the remaining earth. At the bottom of the third well, lay the filter base. It could be gravel. If the water will drain into the reservoir, the chlorine cartridge must be laid at the bottom of the third well. .
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