In Russia, the rights of persons with disabilities are set out in the law "On the Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities" under number 181-FZ of 1995. This document stipulates that the state takes measures to ensure the implementation of the legislative rights of persons with disabilities without discrimination.
The state in the role of the legislator was not limited to the measures of the existing document and provided the disabled with additional guarantees, in particular, an individual rehabilitation program was added. The relevant law comes into force in the new 2016 year.
Disability recognition procedure changed
According to Rosstat research, about 13 million people are recognized as disabled in Russia, of which about 605 thousand are children of disabled people. The new law divides the concept of child disability into two categories:
- limited life activity;
- the degree of human function disorder.
Persons falling into the first category lose partially or fully the ability to independently move in space, do not navigate, do not take care of themselves, do not move independently, are deprived of the ability to control their own behavior, are not allowed to work and study at primary and further educational institutions. The individual rehabilitation program for a disabled child in the new legislation does not provide for the application of this criterion, the concept remains only for establishing the status of a disabled person and compiling lists of recovery activities.
To date, the disabled group is determined by the degree of limitation of vital functions due to persistent disorders of the body. Since 2016, a group is assigned depending on the degree of violation of precisely the work of certain bodies. The concept of impaired functionality of the body carries a subjective assessment, the general diagnosis does not reveal what kind of help a disabled person needs. An individual program of social rehabilitation of people with disabilities makes it possible to objectively assess the degree of disorder of each individual organ, as well as specify the individual recovery program in this particular situation.
An individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person assists the patient in choosing an approach to solving the problem. One child with cerebral palsy needs to organize a workplace or create conditions for special classes, some require an assistant, others arrange assistance in visiting the gym.
New provision for the disability of a disabled person
The concept of habilitation includes a system of restoration for disabled people of the opportunity for social, business, social activities. Unlike the law of rehabilitation existing in the previous interpretation, the new provision includes a more complete and high-quality formation of social skills, compensation of functions of limited life activity to achieve adaptation in society. An individual rehabilitation and habilitation program for a disabled person includes opportunities for the restoration of partial or complete material independence and gradual entry into the social sphere of society.
The expanded concept of habilitation includes the same areas as rehabilitation measures: prosthetics, treatment in sanatoriums and resorts, surgical intervention and other recreational activities. Previously, it was believed that a disabled person is a person who has lost his vital functions, but today there are many people, for example, children with cerebral palsy, who never had certain abilities. Therefore, the concept of habilitation, in contrast to rehabilitation, includes not only the restoration of impaired function, but also the training of a disabled person that he could never do.
Individual rehabilitation and habilitation program
After the emergence of a habilitation program under the law, it becomes apparent that an individual development path has been created for each person with a disability. Unlike general rehabilitation programs, habilitation takes into account the specific problem of the individual, which prevents him from fully living in society. The rules for choosing individual recovery remain the same as they were before, which means that the bureau of social medical examination carries out the habilitation of people with disabilities, as before.
For full adaptation in society, a disabled person or his representative, after developing individual measures, is provided with complete information for reading and acquaintance. The bureaus must send extracts from the program to government agencies that provide services to a particular disabled person, according to these documents, executors report to government services. Social and medical bureaus exchange information with employment services to help provide disabled people with workplaces. The development of individual rehabilitation programs includes psychological and pedagogical correction and adaptation in society.
Creation of a unified state register of persons with disabilities
Experts in this field have long been talking about the need to create a common system for registering people with disabilities. The federal register was put into effect in 2015. The system contains information about each disabled member of the society, namely his disability group, the reasons for the limitation of vital functions, disruption of the body, the degree of loss of professional skills. Effective measures and recommendations for eliminating disabilities are indicated, the sizes of monetary compensations and payments are given, and other measures of social protection of the citizen are given.
Information in the register comes from the Federal Social Service, state and regional executive bodies, and from state social and medical bureaus. So far, the state has not established which services have access to registry data and the procedure for its use is not defined. An individual rehabilitation and habilitation program for a disabled person assumes that the registry operator provides free access to the list data on an open site. The operator checks every month and updates the credentials of each disabled person. The discussion on the responsibilities of the registry operator continues.
The main function of the registry is the painstaking consideration of the individual needs of people with disabilities, starting from a young age, the ability to provide data for the best way to get an education and work. In addition, aid is redistributed in the form of payment of earmarked funds and cash support for those who do not receive it systematically.
Definition of an individual rehabilitation performer
A sample of an individual rehabilitation program contains information about the service provider, which is determined for each rehabilitation measure and is recorded in the corresponding column. The terms of the previous working methods provided that the contractor was appointed by the social bureau. New methods of rehabilitation allow you to choose a contractor, depending on the quality of the measures provided. By ownership, the organization is selected private or public.
The social-medical bureau indicates only a part of the performers who are determined with technical support, for example, a social insurance fund. After the implementation of the proposed rehabilitation measures, a mark is made in the individual rehabilitation card. Services of state organizations are provided free of charge. If the restoration of the life of a disabled person requires the participation of special institutions, for example, a closed school, then a request is sent.
Sometimes such institutions refuse, as they are not able to implement the proposed program. In this case, a written refusal is required. After this, the disabled person or his representative has the right to choose another organization that is able to carry out rehabilitation in full. The implementation of an individual rehabilitation program means that the refusal of a disabled person from the contractor offered by the social service for a certain type of assistance does not mean the refusal of a mandatory item.
The main criterion for choosing an aid provider within the framework of an individual approach is to ensure full restoration of the function with his participation. Based on this situation, the executor becomes an institution or organization of state or private ownership. Medical and social experts agree with the arguments of the disabled person or his entourage regarding the appointment of the contractor far from always. Regardless of their opinion, the disabled person has every right to undergo rehabilitation in that order and with that assistant who will most fully cope with the tasks.
Development and implementation of an individual recovery plan for a disabled child
An individual child rehabilitation program provides for standard records containing comprehensive recommendations in the psychological and pedagogical fields. Prescribed activities in the field of medical, social and professional assistance.
Special columns are reserved for putting down the deadline for all sections of the program during which the recommended event is carried out, the selected artist in the form of an organization or institution is placed opposite the recommended action. After completing the item, a mark is placed on the implementation or non-fulfillment of the event by the recommended contractor and, regardless of the form of government, the signature of the head is put on, certified by a seal in the column on the mark.
The document is signed by the head of the federal department of medical and social expertise, the executive body of the Social Insurance Fund or the territorial body of social protection, which recommended the contractor, and the signature is stamped. A disabled child or his guardian puts his signature on the document after careful study, which determines the responsibility for the implementation of all points of the program.
Criteria for the selection of institutions for rehabilitation and control over the implementation of a set of measures
An individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person, taking into account the choice of an executor, is carried out taking into account the remoteness of rehabilitation organizations from the place of residence of a disabled person. Guarantees are given for the implementation of high-quality rehabilitation services, taking into account a systematic approach to the implementation of measures, ensuring several measures in combination.
Program Monitoring
To monitor how individual rehabilitation programs for minors are conducted, a special worker is appointed to restore each disabled person. It performs the following actions:
- accepts a disabled person;
- supervises the implementation of rehabilitation measures by specialists of the appropriate level;
- after the restoration program is completed, organizes a meeting to discuss the effectiveness of the measures taken and participates in the discussion of the adjustment of services.
Social state bodies act as a managerial unit when an individual rehabilitation program is carried out; these same organizations become executors of measures to restore the patient's social and physical qualities. The bureau of social medical examination is involved in the control of the situation, which approves a set of measures and services at the place of residence of the disabled person.
Rehabilitation of a family in a socially disadvantaged position
An individual family rehabilitation program is drawn up by social workers if parents, drowning in an asocial position, cease to properly carry out parental responsibilities to educate the younger generation, in fact leaving children to their fate. Socially dangerous families do not leave anyone indifferent, moral traditions are lost here, the kinship is changing, the family society is being destroyed.
There are a number of prerequisites for determining a family as socially dangerous. This includes the reluctance of parents to work and earn a living, addiction to alcohol and drugs. Family degradation occurs with such a lifestyle very soon, forced inactivity dooms children to a miserable existence. Teenagers are gradually leaving for street open spaces, thereby contributing to the replenishment of asocial groups of youth.
The direction of social services
An individual family rehabilitation program is drawn up by a decision of the social public service after examining the home and everyday life at the family's place of residence. The definition and diagnosis of family relationships are made, a lifestyle is studied in accordance with events from the past. Work is underway to study the identity of parents and relatives living together. After receiving the information, an understanding of the problems of the family is carried out, the attitude to raising children, the situation of the child in the family circle is clarified, the goals and aspirations of the members of the related team are studied.
Criteria for registering a family as dysfunctional
These are the following symptoms:
- cruel treatment of a baby, child, minor;
- constant evasion of the content, upbringing, education of the child;
- behavior that adversely affects the psyche of the baby (drinking alcohol, drugs, quarrels, foul language, humiliation);
- attempt to involve a minor in a crime or illegal actions.
Organization of social assistance
Individual programs for social rehabilitation of dysfunctional families are based on:
- psychological support and rehabilitation;
- accompaniment and psychological assistance in various crisis and stressful situations;
- conducting consultative events with teachers, doctors, psychologists;
- creating a good and healthy climate in the family through the promotion of a healthy lifestyle;
- parenting with a lecture method for mastering pedagogical knowledge, conducting theoretical and practical exercises to uncover the difficulties of family education and child labor education;
- assistance in finding work and employment;
- making payments as a financial aid.
The outcome of the rehabilitation program
When the individual rehabilitation program is completed, specialists proceed to organizational and methodological activities and gather a consultation to determine the results of rehabilitation habits. The main objectives of the meeting are to consider the consequences of restoring the life functions of a disabled person and his position in society. Doctors summarize the measures for correctional development programs, social rehabilitation, medical and recreational activities. A conclusion is being prepared on how the program for the social rehabilitation of persons with disabilities on the patient’s moral and physical health is functioning.
By introducing an individual approach to rehabilitation, the state pays attention to the unhindered access of vulnerable people with disabilities to all public facilities, namely the transport system, engineering and technical facilities, information technology, and communication services.