The development of trade requires the search for methods to accelerate the delivery of goods both domestically and abroad. For this, various types of transportation are used. Unfortunately, at present, the domestic transport industry is somewhat behind in its development. Nevertheless, transportation is carried out quite quickly.
Transport logistics
Transport logistics involves organizing the movement of objects to a given point with the development of an optimal route. The following main tasks can be distinguished:
- the selection of one or more vehicles that are optimal for the transportation of a particular cargo;
- determination of the type of transportation;
- selection of the entity that will directly deliver the goods;
- optimization of time and material costs for transportation.
Transportation and transportation
Quite often you can hear that concepts such as transportation and transportation are identified. Such a statement is incorrect. So, transportation is a type of activity, as a result of which the vehicle itself moves and, as a result, the cargo that is on it. Transportation is a broader concept. It also includes the ability to deliver goods using the pipeline or by pumping.
Types of transportation
With the development of transport, trade is inevitably developing, because new opportunities for the delivery of goods to anywhere in the country and abroad appear. So, in accordance with the classification features, the following main types of transportation can be distinguished:
- According to the type of transport:
- railway;
- automobile;
- sea and river;
- aviation.
- According to the object:
- transportation of passengers;
- freight transportation.
- In accordance with the number of transport organizations involved in transportation:
- local traffic (one transport company is involved in transportation);
- direct communication (several transport enterprises of the same type work on the basis of one document);
- direct mixed message (cargo delivery is carried out through several carriers using various vehicles).
Types of cargo transportation
Trade relations are inextricably linked with the need to supply goods to various points in the region and beyond. The types of cargo transportation are determined not only by the type of vehicles, but also by the types of goods themselves. So, we can distinguish the following main points:
- transportation of long loads (requires serious efforts to ensure the safety of the goods, as well as the safety of both the transporter and other participants in the movement);
- transportation of perishable goods (carried out by road using special equipment in compliance with the special temperature regime determined by sanitary standards);
- transportation of bulk cargo (requires compliance with special requirements for containers in order to ensure the safety of goods and the safety of all participants in the movement);
- transportation of goods by tanks (the material from which the tank is made must comply with regulatory requirements corresponding to the specific type of liquid being transported);
- transportation of indivisible goods (involves the movement of large-scale structures or monolithic parts, which requires a careful approach to the choice of means of transportation, as well as the development of the route);
- freight transportation in containers (at the moment, are one of the most common due to their convenience and versatility).
Road transportation
Automobile transport is widely used in freight and passenger transportation due to the developed network of communications. At the moment, this method is the most common. The following types of road transport are distinguished:
- According to the object:
- freight;
- Passenger (cars, buses and minibuses);
- Depending on the industry:
- industrial;
- agricultural;
- construction;
- trading;
- postal;
- others.
- Depending on the scale of the consignment:
- mass transportation of homogeneous goods;
- small batches of goods of various names.
- On a territorial basis:
- technological (performed inside the manufacturing enterprise);
- urban (over short distances within the settlement);
- suburban (no further than 50 km outside the city);
- intra- and inter-district;
- intercity;
- international.
- On a temporary basis:
- permanently;
- seasonal (at certain times of the year);
- episodic (not systematic).
Road transport is widely used in the transport of passengers. There are a huge number of scheduled as well as irregular routes within the settlement and beyond, as well as long-distance and international. The following types of passenger transportation should be attributed to special categories:
- excursion and tourist (performed both on traditional routes, and on special orders);
- transportation of students (from remote areas to educational institutions and vice versa);
- service (delivery of workers to the enterprise).
The pros and cons of road transport
Road transport is characterized by a number of advantages, namely:
- the ability to deliver cargo from the warehouse to the direct end user;
- flexibility in choosing a transportation route;
- speed and speed of delivery;
- a sufficiently large number of firms providing services of this kind, which provides opportunities for choice.
Speaking about the transportation of goods by road, a number of significant disadvantages should be highlighted:
- high cost due to the high cost of fuel;
- low carrying capacity in comparison with other types;
- dependence of delivery speed on weather conditions;
- the need for operational loading and unloading;
- high risk of theft of the vehicle, as well as damage to the cargo due to an accident.
Rail transportation
Rail transport has a leading position in the industry. This is due to the following advantages:
- ample opportunities for the transportation of any kind of cargo regardless of weather conditions;
- high speed movement over long distances;
- a clear and regular schedule of trains;
- high level of safety and reliability in comparison with other types of transportation;
- relatively low cost.
Of the shortcomings, it is worth noting the physical impossibility of delivering the goods to the immediate point of consumption.
Allocate passenger and freight types of rail transport. As for the first category, the greatest demand is for suburban and intercity routes. Numerous types of freight transport are also carried out. The nomenclature is several tens of thousands of items. The largest share (80%) falls on bulk goods - minerals, fertilizers, timber, ferrous metals and more.
Air transportation
Air cargo may be classified as follows:
- simple (or general) - mean the expeditious transportation of piece packed goods that is owned by the customer of the service;
- associated - involves the use of transport, which runs in the right direction for a specific purpose (such types of transport differ in low cost);
- prefabricated - they mean the accumulation in the warehouse of piece goods from different customers and their shipment by one plane after the optimal amount for the payback of the flight is reached.
Advantages and disadvantages of air transportation
Air cargo transportation is characterized by a number of advantages:
- the highest speed of delivery of goods to their destination among all known modes of transport;
- choice of the shortest route;
- ensuring the reliability and safety of the cargo;
- large selection of shipping companies.
If we talk about the shortcomings of air transportation, we should note the following points:
- high tariffs for airline services (and therefore it is advisable to use this method only in the case of especially valuable or bulky goods);
- Dependence of delivery time on weather conditions.
Water transport
For several dozen centuries in a row, marine and river transport have been used to transport goods. It is worth noting that this is perhaps the oldest of the known types of transportation.
Almost all known types of cargo can be transported by sea. This is oil (as well as products of its processing), and bulk materials, and wood, and vehicles, and food, and much more. In addition, the cost of such services is relatively low. It is worth noting that a number of goods can be transported exclusively by sea (for example, oil platforms).
If we talk about the shortcomings of shipping, then we should highlight the following points:
- limited geography (that is why water transport is rarely used independently, and is one of the means of direct mixed traffic);
- a long delivery period, which is due to the specifics of the vehicle, geographical features and weather and climate conditions;
- cargo ships do not sail as often as other modes of transport;
- numerous regulatory requirements and strict standardization of packaging, fastening and other characteristics of goods.
The most common types of transport by sea are the following:
- bulk - used for bulk organic goods that are not suitable for placement in containers (these can be minerals, mineral fertilizers, grain, chernozem, sugar and other dry substances);
- containerized - transportation of goods using external packaging, which ensures its safety and protection from external influences (a significant advantage is the possibility of saving on packaging, as well as leasing warehouse facilities, because the container can act as a temporary storage);
- sea freight provides the customer with the opportunity to choose a vessel that meets the requirements for the transport of a particular type of cargo;
- RO-RO transportation is carried out on ships equipped with special inclined ramps that allow you to place rolling cargo (cars, trailers, etc.) without the use of cranes;
- type of transportation "Door-to-door" implies not only services for the delivery of goods, but also for loading and unloading, maintenance and control, preparation of all necessary documentation.
Contract of carriage
The contract of carriage is a bilateral document between the sender and the carrier, which is obligated to deliver on time and for a fee to deliver the goods to the recipient. It is worth noting that the latter, in most cases, is not a party to the contract, and therefore it can be said that it is in favor of a third party. The contract is in writing.
The types of contract of carriage are classified as follows:
- by type of transport (rail, road, sea, intra-water, aviation);
- by the number of transport organizations (one or more);
- by objects (cargo, luggage, passengers);
- Separately stands out the contract of transport expedition, which implies escort of cargo.
We can say that the classification of contracts is largely consistent with the classification that determines the types of transport. The essential conditions of the document are the following:
- type of vehicle, as well as the possibility of replacing it with another in case of unforeseen circumstances;
- the use of special tools (packaging, platforms, etc.);
- lot size;
- time frame for shipment and delivery;
- establishment of responsibility for ensuring the safety of cargo.
Groups of transport operations
Types of transportation organization are related to groups of transport operations, namely:
- the first group includes steps for preparing an import-export transaction - analysis of the transport market, study of prices and essential conditions, route planning and other transportation details;
- the second group of operations is associated with the direct implementation of the terms of the contract (preparation of cargo for transportation, preparation of relevant documentation, as well as control over the movement of goods along the route);
- the third group is related to the possible occurrence of disagreements and contentious issues between the sender of the cargo and its recipient after the delivery is completed.
conclusions
The development of the economy and trade has led to the popularity of such a type of activity as transportation by various modes of transport. Perhaps the most widely used cars of various configurations. They make it possible to ensure prompt delivery of relatively small consignments. The main advantage of this type of transportation is its good transport accessibility due to the developed road network. Also, road transport provides various types of passenger transportation: scheduled, sightseeing, official, and so on.
Speaking about railway transport, it is worth noting that it is often used for the supply of bulk goods, including minerals, fertilizers, grain and so on. This is the most convenient option in terms of the frequency of movement of trains and independence from weather conditions. However, rail transport will not provide delivery to the final consumer.
Aviation and maritime modes of transport are not used as often as the previous ones. Their use is advisable for transportation over long distances. Here, there are strict regulatory requirements for both the cargo itself and for such attendant aspects as packaging, fastenings, as well as documentary support.