Safety requirements during work are written, without exaggeration, in blood. Moreover, not only representatives of dangerous occupations, but also office workers are required to know and comply with these rules. After all, sometimes they also have extraordinary situations. Responsibility for failure to comply with labor protection requirements lies with the heads of the enterprise or its structural unit. Within the framework of one article, it is not possible to describe in detail all the legal and organizational aspects of safety requirements during work. The reader will be able to get acquainted only with the basic requirements of the legislation in the field of labor protection, as well as get an idea of the duties and rights of both the employee and the employer.
General Provisions
The most stringent are the safety requirements during work for representatives of working professions and specialties. No wonder. After all, it is in production that the largest number of accidents with serious consequences occurs.
To work with the equipment allowed personnel who have received appropriate training, confirmed by certificates and certificates of the established form. The immediate supervisor (foreman, foreman, engineer, etc.) is required to regularly conduct briefings with his subordinates. Quite often, field leaders neglect this labor safety requirement. During operation, such negligence often causes damage to expensive equipment. And this is at best. According to statistics, recently there have been more frequent cases of serious injuries.
Representatives of hazardous occupations are required to pass a knowledge test once a year. Based on the results of these checks, an entry is made in the certificate. In addition to the annual knowledge test, the worker is also required to undergo briefings once a quarter.
If a worker or specialist (engineer, technician, etc.) has committed a serious violation of safety requirements during work, then he is suspended from fulfilling his duties. A special incident review committee is being convened. And already this commission makes a decision regarding the guilty employee. As practice shows, in most cases such employees quit.
All workers and specialists are required to know and accurately comply with the approved instructions and safety requirements during operation, to know the characteristics and capabilities of the equipment, to prevent overloads, to provide timely and qualified service to the facilities entrusted to the operation.
Hazardous working conditions
When working with hazardous, toxic and toxic substances, the working and engineering personnel must be especially vigilant and attentive. Work with dangerous goods and substances is regulated at the legislative level even more strictly, and the responsibility for violating safety requirements during work with dangerous substances and goods is even more severe (up to criminal).
In accordance with the safety requirements during operation, all workers and engineering personnel must be provided with uniforms. The management of the enterprise or structural unit is required to comply with this requirement. Uniforms can prevent industrial accidents and poisoning by fumes of toxic substances.
Requirements for workers and management before starting work
Any worker or specialist who is dealing with machinery and expensive equipment is required to receive a briefing before the start of a shift. The head of the structural unit is obliged, in turn, to provide the conditions for such briefings.
After instructing, the worker (specialist) is obliged to check the serviceability and correct operation of the machines (equipment) and devices and prepare the workplace (cleaning, restoring order).
Safety requirements during work
One of the main requirements for a workplace is its lighting. It must comply with established standards. Unfortunately, in most domestic industrial enterprises, in order to save money, workshops and other premises are very poorly lit. Such a desire to save quite often results in disastrous consequences (damage to expensive equipment, injury).
The management of a workshop or other structural unit is not entitled to distract employees engaged in production for other types of work. According to statistics, it is during the conduct of such basic tasks that the personnel were not properly trained for, and most industrial accidents occur. At domestic factories, skilled machine operators can be involved in cleaning roofs from snow, in loading and unloading operations.
Special requirements are imposed when carrying out loading or unloading or installation works. Before starting the transportation of heavy loads, the slinger must carry out preliminary (test) lifting of the load to a small height (not more than 30 centimeters).
Safety requirements upon completion of work
At the end of the shift, the worker is obliged to put his workplace in order. If the work is carried out in two or three shifts, then the shift worker has the right to make a complaint to the cleaning worker and not to start work until he eliminates all the shortcomings.
All equipment and tools must be carefully folded into a designated place, and production waste and garbage should be disposed of in appropriate containers.
All hazardous locations, such as access hatches and conveyors, must be identified and hazard warning labels installed.
After all these measures, the worker can go to the locker room and take a shower, rinsing off all the harmful substances.
Electricity Safety
General safety requirements when working with electricity and electrical installations differ significantly from the requirements for work in general. After all, electricity is a source of particular danger.
All electrical installations and their individual modules must undergo periodic inspection and verification. It is carried out by persons who have a specialized education or work qualification and an admission group to work with installations.
When purchasing and commissioning a machine or other equipment, a team of specialists inspects it for compliance with the stated requirements. The composition of this group without fail includes a qualified electrical engineer. It will be he who will be responsible for the further operation of the installation, for ensuring safety during the repair and maintenance of its electrical part.
To work with electric power plants, as well as their repair and maintenance, personnel are allowed who have undergone the necessary training, got acquainted with the documentation for the equipment, with the rules for servicing its electrical part. In addition, all personnel are required to regularly undergo a medical commission to confirm their health fitness for working with electricity.
Prohibitions when working with electrical installations
Safety requirements during work in the factory exclude even the possibility of servicing the electrical part of the equipment by personnel who are not qualified. During repair work, it is also forbidden to leave equipment unattended, connect and disconnect live wires, work with live parts without shutting off the power supply to the installation, expose live parts (even if they will not participate in the installation), remove warning signs, use inside electrical cabinets with stools, ladders and other auxiliary objects; use auxiliary equipment in malfunctioning condition when working.
Fire safety requirements during operation
Any production room is equipped with a sandbox. Nearby on the shield must necessarily hang a hook, ax and shovel. In small premises, instead of a large shovel, there may be a small infantry shovel (MPL). Safety requirements during operation must be strictly observed. Violation of these requirements may cause a fire.
If the fire broke out, the first thing you need to inform your immediate supervisor about it. The responsibility for organizing fire fighting activities rests with him. He organizes the evacuation of staff and valuables.
One of the most effective anti-flame agents is sand. When extinguishing a fire with sand, do not raise the shovel too high to prevent sand particles from getting into your eyes.
Work with a fire extinguisher
Any employee of the organization must be able to use primary fire extinguishing means (including a fire extinguisher). The employer, in turn, is obliged to conduct training with all workers, specialists and maintenance personnel, which explains the features of use and safety requirements when working with fire extinguishers.
In general, any type of fire extinguisher can be used to extinguish flammable objects and equipment that are at least seven meters away from current-carrying wires and power lines. It is not necessary to de-energize flammable equipment. However, it is necessary to closely monitor the process and not allow foam or water to flood the wiring and live parts of power lines.
But if you intend to start extinguishing flammable equipment under voltage with water, it must be de-energized. Therefore, extinguishing can only begin when reliable information has been received about the grounding of the power cable or about a power outage.
Non-de-energized equipment, the supply voltage of which is 1000 volts, can be extinguished only with the use of powder or carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.
Information on the safe distance from the nozzle of the fire extinguisher to an open flame is determined by the manufacturer of the fire extinguisher and is indicated in the documentation. However, in any case, it is impossible to approach an open fire of less than 1 meter. Also, do not touch the fire extinguisher nozzle with your hands.
Fire extinguisher instructions
Each fire extinguisher has a protective pin. This is a kind of fuse. Therefore, if a fire occurs, it must be torn out. Then the nozzle is directed to the source of ignition. It remains only to press the lever so that the fire extinguisher begins to work. Some fire extinguishers are designed with a swing arm. After eliminating the fire, the lever must be returned to its original position.
Some features of service extinguishers
The regulated shelf life of fire extinguishers is ten years. And this is the case if every year he was tested in organizations that have special permission to carry out this type of activity. Therefore, when transferring fire extinguishers to a service organization, it is imperative to ask for authorization documentation for review.
Fire swept the man. What to do?
In addition to carbon monoxide poisoning, there is a danger of ignition of clothing on a person. In the event of a similar situation, the main thing is to react in time and bring down the fire. It is forbidden to extinguish the fire with bare hands. Burning clothes should be removed as soon as possible, or extinguish the fire with water. A thick cloth (such as tarpaulin) or a blanket will help to bring down the flame. The tissue blocks the access of oxygen to the fire, and it fades.
Conclusion
In order to eliminate or at least minimize the number of industrial accidents, it is necessary to remain attentive to details at any time. Safety is provided not only by ordinary workers and employees. The main burden of accident prevention lies with the management of the enterprise.
The importance of fulfilling safety requirements is difficult to overestimate. The state strictly regulates and monitors compliance with safety standards and rules at work. Many standards and requirements have been developed that are required to comply not only with workers and maintenance personnel, but also with management. The requirement for leadership is even greater in this regard than for ordinary employees.