Everyone understands the formidable danger of the fire and how important it is to protect our children from disaster. Why is fire safety at school so important? The pictures that we see on the walls of any child (and not only) institution from an early age are formidable flames, people with fire extinguishers, and also evacuation schemes with endless arrows. What is their task? Do we need them? How to ensure that fire safety rules at school do not remain an empty phrase, but are strictly observed by all?
Any educational institution is a place of mass gathering of children. Their health, and sometimes their life, depends on many factors, and fire safety is the most important of them. We are talking about schools, kindergartens, kindergartens, boarding schools, summer health camps and so on. Therefore, today we will talk about such a concept as the organization of fire safety in any child care institution.
What it is? What measures are provided by law in this matter? Are there officially established fire safety rules in the school, or does each institution act at its own peril and risk? Who is responsible for everything? What documents exist in this regard? Fire safety at school is one of the most important issues, and, of course, there are certain, and strictly regulated standards for its observance. Violation of them is fraught with serious penalties for the leadership.
The organization of fire safety in any child care institution is described in detail in the standard instructions, which not only the director, but also everyone who works with children must know and observe. It touches on many issues - from measures to prevent fires to evacuation procedures in the event of a natural disaster. The number, location and serviceability of heating devices, the condition of the wiring, the availability of emergency exits - all are included in the concept of “fire safety”. The instruction in the school on its observance is carried out without fail for all employees.
Consider in detail what it is.
Fire safety rules the law requires compliance with all types of schools, colleges, boarding schools, kindergartens, as well as music, sports and art institutions, regardless of departmental affiliation.
Heads, employees and students in child care facilities must be aware of and follow these rules, and in case of fire, provide all measures to extinguish it and evacuate people.
Responsible for ensuring the safety of the institution is the head - director or manager.
What must the head of an educational institution do?
Its task is to provide fire safety measures at a school or other children's institution and to monitor their compliance by employees and students, to eliminate deficiencies, to familiarize children and employees with safety rules and to conduct fire-prevention training. In addition, the head is required to appoint responsible officials who can be allowed to work only if they are instructed.
Students should be given regular safety lessons. For students from grades 4 to 11, such events are provided once a quarter. It is necessary to conduct explanatory conversations with kindergarten kids and elementary school students about the danger of fire and measures to prevent it. Regularly, at least once a year, a month of fire safety is held at school. On it in an educational game form, children consolidate and practice the acquired skills. From among the pupils, teams of young firefighters are organized.
Fire escape plan
In case of fire, there must be an evacuation plan. The task of the head is to ensure its development and approve. The sequence of alerting people and the responsibilities of everyone in extreme conditions should also be considered.
The evacuation plan in case of fire and the procedure for its conduct must be regularly reviewed when circumstances change. At least once every six months, practical exercises should be conducted to practice actions in the event of a fire. In childcare facilities that operate seasonally, such events are foreseen before each shift.
In addition, the manager's tasks include the appointment of a procedure for closing premises at the end of the working day and monitoring compliance with established rules by tenant organizations, if any. He also reports to the fire authorities on the measures taken.
Evening and night
In orphanages or other round-the-clock institutions, there is a duty officer who, at night and in the evening, as well as on weekends, is required to monitor whether the fire safety of the facilities is respected. To do this, he must carry out certain actions.
When entering the post, the person in charge must check the condition of the fire fighting equipment, whether the telephone line, as well as the fire alarm and lighting are working. Be sure to make sure that the exits are not cluttered with anything, and that the doors can be easily opened if necessary. To do this, it is important to regularly inspect all corridors, vestibules, halls, foyers and lobbies.
If violations are found, the duty officer is obliged to eliminate them independently or inform the head (his deputy).
He must have information on the number and location of pupils and employees of the institution. If necessary, he reports this data to the fire department. The duty officer is required to carry a full set of keys for all exits and car gates, as well as an electric lamp.
General requirements
Fire safety measures in a school (another day care center) primarily relate to the territory and buildings. Before the school year or at the beginning of the 1st shift for seasonal camps, their readiness is checked by the relevant commissions, including representatives of the fire department. What will they pay attention to?
On the cleanliness of the territory. Fallen leaves, combustible waste and dry grass should be regularly collected and transported. Roads and driveways should always be free. If, due to repair or for another reason, a separate section of the driveway or road needs to be closed, the fire department should be urgently warned about this. Between the buildings you cannot store materials or transport vehicles. It is impossible to make bonfires on the territory, burn garbage or arrange open kitchen centers.
Space requirements
If the building is multi-story, classes or groups for younger children are placed only on the first and second floors. This is required by fire safety in elementary school and kindergarten. The capacity of each room should not exceed the norm, and the furniture and equipment placed in the offices should not impede the free exit of people. Extinguishing media is always expected to be in full view.
In each corridor, hall, lobby, warning and indicating safety signs are posted. Evacuation exits are not cluttered. Doors are equipped with self-closing devices, the health of which is regularly monitored. While people are in the building, all evacuation exits are locked only from the inside by locks that are easy to open (hooks, latches).
In those rooms where children are constantly located, carpets and paths are rigidly attached to the floor.
Moreover
Fire safety of objects is taken into account at the design stage. It is impossible to re-plan the premises without taking into account building codes and requirements, as well as to finish walls and ceilings with combustible materials. This applies to the evacuation routes - stairwells, recreations, vestibules.
It is forbidden to install blinds, grilles and other fixed devices on the windows of the premises, to clean the doors between the corridors and stairwells, to boil down evacuation exits tightly.
Do not use home-made appliances for heating. Electric stoves and kettles, boilers, gas stoves can be used for labor training or cooking only in designated areas. There should not be mirrors and false doors on the escape routes.
Equipment and lighting requirements
It is strictly forbidden to wrap bulbs with any combustible materials (cloth, paper), use kerosene lamps and candles, and use flammable compounds when cleaning.
You can not heat the heating pipes and any other communications with an open fire - only steam, sand or hot water. It is forbidden to store wiping material in cabinets and pockets of overalls, to leave electrical appliances included in the network (including televisions, radios, etc.) unattended.
A clothes and shoe dryer is arranged in a special room or cabinet made of non-combustible material, heating is carried out only by water heating radiators. Welding work is carried out exclusively with the permission of the (written) manager, in accordance with the requirements of the relevant rules.
Use irons (with serviceable light indicators and temperature regulators) should be in special rooms under the supervision of a responsible employee. Other work or storage of linen in them is not allowed. Irons are placed on coasters made of refractory materials.
Heating and ventilation
At the beginning of the heating season, boiler rooms and all related equipment are carefully checked and, if necessary, repaired, personnel undergo training. In boiler rooms it is forbidden to carry out extraneous work.
In no case should you allow gas leakage or fuel leakage, supply it with extinguished gas burners or nozzles, and start work if the control devices are faulty.
It is forbidden to dry shoes and clothes on equipment constructions, as well as to leave working boilers unattended.
Stove heating
Fire safety regulations for stove-heated schools contain additional requirements. If the furnace is working, a metal sheet 50 by 70 cm is attached to the floor at the opening of its furnace. Chimneys and pipes are cleaned of soot at least once every two months during the heating season.
During festivals and events, it is prohibited to heat the stove. When the children are in the institution around the clock, the furnace process should end no later than two hours before the pupils go to bed.
It is strictly forbidden to use gasoline, kerosene, other flammable liquids to ignite, as well as to leave unattended working stoves and to instruct children to look after them. Do not operate the equipment with faulty doors and use too large firewood.
Fuel should be stored in special rooms or on sites no closer than 10 meters from the building. It is not allowed to keep it in the basement and basement.
Electrical equipment
All electrical equipment in child care facilities must comply with safety regulations. The administration provides its maintenance and preventive examinations, eliminates the noticed shortcomings.
Connections and branches of cable and wire cores are carried out by pressing, soldering, welding, using special clamps. Placement of temporary power networks is not allowed, except for places of construction work.
Also, it is impossible to carry out the installation of external electrical wiring and overhead power lines over combustible canopies and roofs, stacks of containers, warehouses of combustible materials.
Do not cover electric motors and periodically wipe them from dust. Failures that can cause a short circuit must be repaired urgently.
Faulty mains and equipment must be disconnected immediately.
Do not use wires and cables with broken insulation, use unreliable sockets, twist electric wires and hang fixtures, clothes and other objects on them.
Water supply in case of fire and extinguishing media
Fire hydrants should be regularly maintained and monitored. They should be equipped with sleeves placed in sealed cabinets. Such sleeves should be kept dry, properly rolled up and connected to the taps. Once a year they are checked by starting up water.
All child care facilities must have the necessary fire extinguishing equipment, regardless of the availability of fire hydrants. Their locations are marked on the evacuation plans (GOST 12.1.114-82).
Manual fire extinguishers (GOST 12.4.009-83) should be located at a height of not more than 1.5 meters above the floor on special stands, in cabinets together with fire hydrants. The text of the instructions on their cases should be clearly visible. They are placed in easily accessible places.
Other extinguishing media
As you know, buildings are divided into categories according to the degree of fire resistance. For educational institutions located in rural areas and having a degree of fire resistance from III to V, it is required to organize fire stations.
Each such post is necessarily equipped with a stand with a set of necessary primary funds. What applies to them?
These are two fire extinguishers with a capacity of 10 l (for foam) or 5 l (for powder), a ladder, buckets (4 pcs.), Hooks, axes, shovels - 2 pcs., Two barrels of water of 0.25 cubic meters each. (in winter - boxes with sand).
It is forbidden to use fire extinguishing means for household and other needs.
Fire requirements for different rooms
In the classrooms should be placed exclusively necessary for the educational process manuals, furniture, models, appliances and so on. Chemicals should be stored in laboratory or other special rooms on shelves or in cabinets.
The demonstration of transparencies, slides, is carried out in compliance with special requirements. This is the installation of a narrow-film film projector or slide projector on the side opposite the exit, the presence of only 1 group of students at the same time (no more than 50 people), maintenance of the installation by specially trained persons, storage of films or slides in tightly closed boxes.
During cultural events, prior to their start, all evacuation exits and routes, fire extinguishing means are carefully checked, and the deficiencies are eliminated.
During the action, the duty of employees and high school students is appointed. The responsible teacher must always be with the children, be instructed on safety measures and evacuation procedures.
Fire safety at school - events
If an object has I or II degree of fire resistance, cultural events can be held on any floor, and in buildings with III-V degree, only on the first. In this case, the walls should be plastered. In the premises of the basement and basement, any public events are not allowed.
Filling the halls with people over the norm is prohibited. The number of seats in the visual row without a gap between them is no more than defined by the norm. The same applies to the distance between the rows. Norms are calculated for objects depending on the fire resistance class and evacuation capabilities.
The width of the aisles in such rooms should be at least a meter. There should not be intersecting or oncoming flows of people leaving. It is forbidden to cut passages in width and to establish additional places between rows.
Fire New Year
Let's talk about the holidays - they are especially relevant fire safety at school. Events of a mass nature are possible only in compliance with a number of requirements. When conducting a Christmas tree, the design of the hall is made by a qualified electrician. Illumination is mounted reliably, the garland bulbs should not be more powerful than 25 watts.
The electric wires supplying the lighting are flexible, with working insulation, plugged into the mains.
In the event of a fault in the Christmas tree illumination, it should be immediately turned off until the problem is resolved.
Costumes for children and adults from cotton, paper and other combustible materials are not permitted.
When decorating the Christmas tree, one cannot use celluloid toys, candles and fireworks, as well as decorate a stand and branches with cotton wool.
If the fire did happen
First of all, you should take care of the evacuation of children. If signs of fire are found, the employee of the institution is obliged to immediately call the fire department, indicating the address, location of the fire, his own position and last name.Then, after notifying people of the event, begin to take the children to a safe place, using the fire escape plan. Be sure to inform the head or his deputy about what happened, arrange a meeting of firefighters and help to extinguish with available means.
The head of the institution, who arrived at the fire, must lead the evacuation, remove from the zone of fire persons not involved in the elimination of the fire, and if necessary, call an ambulance.
Actions during the evacuation and extinguishing
Fire safety rules at school require the development of automatic behavior skills in children and adults. First of all, you need to determine the safest ways and exits, preventing panic. To this end, teachers and educators are strongly advised not to leave students unattended until the fire is completely eliminated. First of all, sick and young children are evacuated.
In winter, helpless babies need to be taken out or taken out, wrapped in warm clothes or blankets, the elders gather themselves or take outerwear with them.
All rooms are carefully checked so that no one remains hidden under a desk or in a closet, posts are placed at the exits to prevent people from returning to the danger zone.
Do not open windows and doors, or knock glass to prevent even greater spread of smoke and fire.
Competent and timely actions taken during a fire can save lives, which will allow you to get out of the situation with minimal damage.