Workers in the manufacturing sector are affected by many factors, among which there may be harmful ones. You need to know the principles of their action and methods of protection. A hazardous production factor is considered one of the negative, since it has a detrimental effect on humans and production. This may be an injury or the appearance of a disease. Often, the production factor becomes the cause of disability of people.
There are regulatory documents on which work should be performed at the facility. A hazardous production factor has a classification based on GOST, therefore it can be physical, chemical, biological, psychophysiological. Each of them has its own characteristics.
The production factor of labor is the elements of the labor process that affect human health and the quality of work. It can be either neutral or dangerous.
Physiological factors
This group includes:
- working machines, mechanisms, equipment;
- accumulation of a large amount of dust and gases;
- high or low temperature equipment;
- pressure drops in the working part of the equipment;
- high or low humidity;
- air ionization;
- ionizing radiation;
- high voltage in the mains;
- increase in static electricity.
Other types of factors
The chemical production factor is toxic, irritating, carcinogenic, mutagenic. They have an effect on reproductive function. The biological production factor is presented in the form of microorganisms and their metabolic products.
There are also psychophysiological factors. It can be physical and psychological stress. After the shift, workers feel a mental, emotional strain, which adversely affects the human condition.
Labor standards
Harmful and dangerous factors are interconnected. They both injure a person. For example, high room humidity and a lot of dust lead to the risk of electric shock. Occupational exposure levels are specified in occupational safety standards.
There are acceptable values of production factors that can affect during the work shift. If these standards are observed, then performance is not lost. Man is not afraid of various ailments.
Hygienic labor standards require compliance with levels of harmful factors that may affect workers in their daily activities. Their observance does not cause a disease or a deterioration in health. In production, compliance with standards is important, which is not harmful to humans.
Factor levels
Every enterprise has a dangerous production factor. The definition of this concept is similar everywhere, because the term means a negative impact on a person and the process of work. By hazard level, 4 classes are distinguished:
- optimal working conditions ;
- permissible: they may have some deviations, but after rest, a person recovers;
- harmful: when there are deviations from any norms in the workplace;
- dangerous: pose a threat to human life and health.
Since each enterprise has a hazardous production factor, examples of this phenomenon may be different. Workers are exposed to hazardous equipment if they do not follow any safety precautions. For example, in factories there is powerful equipment that causes various injuries. After this, it takes a long time to recover. Work in chemical plants is also dangerous for people, because of it various ailments can develop.
Medical examinations reveal a decrease in performance, hearing impairment. The constant presence of a person at the source of adverse effects leads to occupational disease. Most often, accidents occur due to physical factors, as well as from electric current.
electrical safety
A hazardous production factor is characterized by the following concept - electrical safety. Electric current is a latent hazard because it is difficult to detect in various parts of the equipment. The most dangerous indicator is considered to be higher than 0.05A, and safe - up to 0.05A. To prevent damage, only a specialist should carry out electrical work.
Based on the rules, the control of the wiring should be constantly carried out in the service room. Specialists should monitor the operation of safety boards that serve to turn on the electrical networks of devices.
Electrical installations, from which the computer runs, are very dangerous for humans, since during operation or prevention, you can touch the areas under voltage. These include current-carrying conductors, rack housings, since they do not emit signals about the risk of electric shock. The reaction occurs only when it flows through the body. To prevent electrical injuries, it is necessary to properly perform maintenance, repair and preventive maintenance of devices.
Each room should use its own protection methods that ensure high-quality electrical safety. Another means of preventing injuries from current is gas ionization. In the industrial sphere, radioactive nitralizers are actively used. Common measures are air humidification.
Fire protection
There is another production factor, the impact of which on the employee has a negative impact. It is a fire hazard. In the production environment, it is important to follow the rules for the prevention and elimination of dangerous situations. This will prevent casualties among people and preserve material values.
Fire safety is carried out using a prevention and protection system. In each office building there should be an “Evacuation Plan”, which establishes the rules of conduct in case of fire.
Employer Responsibilities
Any production factor should be as safe as possible for workers. By law, the obligation to provide a comfortable environment for employees lies with the employer. He must:
- create labor protection rules;
- monitor security;
- provide training for employees;
- carry out certification of workplaces;
- inform about remedies;
- investigate accidents;
- insure employees.
The Labor Code establishes the rights of employees to work in conditions consistent with safety. Workers should not violate these rules, otherwise disciplinary, administrative, criminal liability is provided.
All enterprises must carry out certification of workplaces for compliance with working conditions. Today, state policy in this area is implemented by the Ministry of Health and Social Development.
Certification
To assess working conditions , certification is performed to identify a single production factor of labor. This procedure is carried out at least 1 time in 5 years. Work is necessarily carried out after equipment replacement, changes in the technological process, as well as upon request of certification bodies.
After this procedure, an action plan is created to improve the working conditions of the enterprise. A certificate is issued that is valid for 5 years, after which a new check will be required.
Certificate Features
The document confirms the conformity of the labor protection activities of the employer with the generally accepted requirements. The results affect the protection of workers' rights and compliance with the rules. If the activity is carried out in difficult conditions, then compensation is due.
Certification affects the establishment of premiums on insurance payments and discounts on accidents and illnesses. If this work is completed at the enterprise, then no complaints from the regulatory authorities will follow.
Protective measures
Any production should work in accordance with safety standards. In solving such issues, everyone involved is responsible for compliance. Remedies are individual and collective.
In production, special clothing is used to prevent human damage. It is necessary to use protective equipment for hands, feet, eyes. For high-altitude work, belts with a safety chain are used. To protect against electric current, dielectric means are used. Collective protection methods are safety signs, posters, warning coloring.
Machinery equipment must have a safety guard. From ionizing radiation, boxes, cameras, niches, wells, safes are used. Noise reduction is created by sound absorption.
To protect against vibration, special equipment installed on the foundations is used. So that ultrasound does not interfere with production, it is necessary to reduce the harmful radiation of sound energy in the source. For this, soundproofing casings, half-shells, screens, and room cladding are used.
The safety of using electrical equipment is achieved through the use of various technical methods. To do this, use protective equipment, alarm, lock, safe signs. In case of accidents, protective earths and breakdown fuses must be prepared.
Company income
The production factor of labor provides its owner with income in the form of:
- annuities - income derived from the use of land, property, capital;
- salary;
- percent;
- entrepreneurial activity;
- from intellectual property.
According to the results of the activity, production owners receive cash income, which is called nominal. After the tax is calculated by the state, it becomes clean. When analyzing income, they affect:
- gross - revenue from sales of products;
- medium - determined per unit of products sold;
- marginal - increment in gross income from the sale of additional goods.
Economic values coming from one participant to another are called transfer payments. They are social (payments from the budget) and inter-family (transfer of income from one family to another).
The work of the enterprise must be registered, as this is a guarantee of legal activity. In this case, the owner pays taxes. When checking by regulatory authorities, documentation is reviewed, including on accounting activities. The personal income of the owner of the enterprise is presented in cash from various resources, transfer payments, and personal households.
Production factors are always at the enterprises. Although there are a large number of negative ones among them, nevertheless, subject to safety rules, they will be minimized.