The state affects the economy through various economic levers. Taxes can be called one of the main levers by which economic regulation of the economy is carried out. Accordingly, for the best implementation of this regulatory function, different types of taxes are used.
It is important to note that the development of the country's economy is not possible without certain financial institutions, which also include the tax system. Given the importance of this economic structure, it can be said that the essence of taxation lies in the correct and uninterrupted functioning of all levers of power and society, which can be achieved with the achievement of a well-developed tax system. That is why the essence and types of taxes play an important role in the life of the whole country. If we consider the economic essence of taxes, then it undoubtedly consists in the fact that taxes characterize monetary relations within the country, the funds received, from which they come at the disposal of the state and are allocated for mandatory needs.
So, consider what types of taxes exist. The main classification can be started by dividing all taxes into indirect and direct. Direct taxes are the property tax or income of the taxpayer (legal entities and individuals). Indirect, on the other hand, are paid by the consumer and are all sorts of surcharges on goods or services that consumers use.
When carrying out various labor or economic activities, different types of taxes are provided. It all depends on the nature of a tax and on what concept and types of taxes are invested in a particular definition.
So, one of the most basic is the system of income taxation, namely the calculation of tax on profits or income of both legal entities and individuals. In this case, the corporate person is taxed on profits of the company, enterprise or organization. If we talk about commercial organizations, for example, commercial banks, then they pay income tax.
Do not miss their sight and property of taxpayers, which also accrues tax. This is due to the fact that the value of the property can to one degree or another affect the profit of the enterprise. The tax on natural resources can also be attributed to this type of taxation, which can also affect profits, and therefore income tax (income tax). Natural resources include land, water, forest, and more. Accordingly, taxes are levied on the basis of purpose, namely: land tax, forest income tax, payment for water in a certain area, etc.
Payment for land was not always levied in Russia, land tax came into use in 1992, and this was due to the fact that the free use of land resources damaged not only the country's economy, but also some types of economic activity. And the payment for water, as a rule, is calculated by industrial enterprises that use this resource for production purposes.
As for individuals, the main tax in this category is income tax. Its essence is that based on the amount of income, the tax increases or decreases in proportion to the amount of income. This makes it possible to use these funds for various social programs. For this category of persons, property tax is also applied.
All of the above applies to direct taxes, and if we consider indirect types of taxes, then the main ones will be VAT (value added tax) and various kinds of excise taxes. These taxes are included in the price of goods and services. At its core, VAT is the difference between cost and material costs allocated to the costs of the enterprise.