No matter how calm and measured your life may be, you should understand that an emergency can suddenly occur at any moment. Everyone is obliged to follow the rules of conduct in case of emergency, obey the requirements and recommendations of rescue services and departments in order to save their lives. To prevent emergency situations and save people, there is a special service dedicated to engineering protection.
Definition
Engineering protection from emergencies is a set of actions that are aimed at reducing human mortality to a minimum if the enemy uses weapons of mass destruction or other emergencies arise, such as flooding, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, etc. Measures to protect life and If possible, the health of the population is pre-made, they should affect all citizens to the maximum, regardless of age and social status.
What are the defenses?
For engineering protection of the population, it is best to use structures and shelters specially built for these purposes. Such structures are created for use in life-threatening situations and guarantee the most effective result in accidents, the use of various weapons by the enemy, and natural disasters. What are they like? Firstly, protective structures are divided into two large groups - stationary and mobile - and are used depending on the nature of the emergency. Secondly, there are two classifications - by purpose (for the engineering protection of the population from emergencies, to preserve equipment) and by design (they can be open, such as trenches, and closed). Those shelters that are intended for people, in turn, are divided into shelters, simple shelters and anti-radiation. All shelters must meet exact requirements.
Territory Protection
A set of measures should be aimed at the engineering protection of the territory. In order to prevent numerous casualties and damage to property, departments should pay special attention to areas of the most possible emergency situations, those where hurricanes, storms, avalanches, earthquakes, landslides, landslides and so on can occur. In such places, special protective structures are installed.
Earthquake protection
If earthquakes often occur in mountainous areas, the weather service should establish what seismic hazard is. In seismically hazardous areas do not place production, during the construction of buildings use additional structures and fortifications. During an earthquake, statistics show that the main damage is in those houses that were not built taking into account seismicity, and specially fortified buildings cost minimal damage. Even skyscrapers can withstand tremors if built correctly. Standards for buildings are prescribed for those areas where the predicted seismicity does not exceed 9 points (devastating). If the level is higher, then construction work in such areas is not carried out to prevent death.
Flood
In order to protect the area from flooding, flood barriers are built, the construction of which takes into account the terrain and the importance of objects in need of protection. Dams are flooded and non-flooded. The former are usually set for the temporary protection of lands that are used for planting. In the rest of the time, this area can be flooded, which creates conditions close to natural. Flood-free dams are designed for engineering protection of the population from emergencies during floods. In no case should such facilities allow water to overflow. Destruction and an accident on such a dam can result in great loss of life and loss of wealth.
Engineering fire protection
Almost every summer we hear about the occurrence of forest and peat fires in a particular region of Russia . This disaster destroys villages, villages, industrial buildings, equipment, deprives people of property, and sometimes lives. Not only the fire itself is dangerous, but also the products of combustion, the smoke that clouds the territory. There are several reasons for forest fires. Most often the people themselves are to blame, who did not comply with fire safety rules, made bonfires, threw unburnt cigarette butts. But also a fire can occur during a thunderstorm or spontaneous combustion of peat. Fires are divided into three types: high, low and underground (peat). A large fire is considered, the area of which is more than two square kilometers. It is already not easy to cope with this; a large number of people and equipment are required.
Fire fighting
In the summer, a special commission is created (usually under the supervision of the head of administration) and a group that collects information from the inspectors of the State Fire Supervision, Forest Fire Department and other departments, analyzes it and gives orders. The main thing is to localize the fire and prevent it from spreading further. To do this, ditches are laid, and the destruction of fire begins along its edge. This is a very important stage in fire fighting, but no one will guarantee that the fire will not re-ignite. After localization, the foci are extinguished, and then the stage of reconnaissance of the fire follows to find out what the speed and causes of the fire are and to prevent its resumption. Then all the information is passed to the leshoz.
Engineering and technical protection against landslides and landslides
Collapses and landslides occur in the mountains when slopes collapse. Stone streams destroy villages, form congestion on mountain roads, destroy everything in its path. One of the causes of landslides and landslides is excessive wetting of the surface or wetting of rocks due to deep rivers. To prevent emergencies, steep slopes are reinforced with special structures, supports that provide slopes with strength. To avoid moisture, drainage branches are made in the mountains to divert submarine rivers to the other side.
Avalanche Protection
An avalanche is snow slipping from the top of a mountain. Snow mass moves down, dragging even more snow. It destroys power lines, roads, bridges, overwhelms entire villages. To protect people from avalanches, special wind shields are installed that regulate the direction of the wind, and the most dangerous areas are fired from cannons. In areas of increased danger create avalanche stations and rescue services.
Storms, hurricanes, storms
The most dangerous during storms and storms is high wind speed. In Russia, it can reach ninety meters per second and act from several hours to several days. Often such a hurricane is accompanied by snow, rain, hail, which causes even greater damage. To reduce losses helps the Ministry of Emergency Situations early warning about the elements and ongoing measures to prepare for an emergency. Usually they strengthen structures of buildings and structures, temporarily turn off gas and electricity in order not to create dangerous situations, check basements, power transmission towers, notify the population, create special groups. If you find yourself in a similar situation in an open area, you need to find some kind of recess, lie there, maximally spread out on the ground. You can not approach the poles of power lines, detached trees, enter damaged buildings.
The attacks
In addition to natural disasters, there are threats to life and health caused by terrorist acts. Most often, large crowded places are exposed to terrorist attacks: public transport, churches and mosques, schools, theaters, markets. In such places, you need to be especially careful, because it is indifferent attitude and attentiveness that help to avoid a large number of victims. In order for citizens to know how to act in such a situation, discussions are held, posters are posted, in schools and at enterprises they tell how to behave and what cannot be done in the event of a terrorist attack. If threatened by telephone, it is advisable to record a conversation and notify the police. When there is no way to record, you need to remember as much information as possible, try to determine the gender, age of the caller, his psychological state. You can try to find out more: where is this person calling? What is the purpose? Is he a mediator or a performer? What are the requirements? How to contact him? All information received should be immediately reported to law enforcement. If you can get the answers, it will help to quickly find the criminals and, if possible, prevent the attack. Also, bags and boxes forgotten in transport should never be touched.
Protecting the population from terrorism: a course of action and prevention
As part of the fight against terrorism in Russia, extensive measures are being taken to prevent threats and reduce risks in the event of an emergency. To do this, a list of the objects most susceptible to attack is created, preparation of quick reaction groups, and groups for identifying and clearing explosives. Every day after closing, with specially trained dogs, crowded places are visited - markets, shopping centers. In enterprises, educational and medical organizations, special attention is paid to training people. The safety and health engineer works closely with law enforcement agencies and teaches his colleagues how to deal with the threat of a terrorist attack, draws up a floor plan, and organizes exercises.
The organization of engineering protection of the population in the event of a terrorist act consists in the timely analysis of rubble, reconnaissance of the emergency zone in case of detection of explosives and victims, the strengthening of unstable structures, and the recovery of victims.
It is necessary to attract citizens to strengthen control over public places, basements, attics, closed non-residential premises. It is necessary to create similar organizations, anti-terror posts, which will closely interact with law enforcement agencies. Only in this way will it be possible to protect oneself as much as possible from terrorists.
Emergency procedures for citizens
You received emergency information (via SMS, TV, radio, loudspeaker). Try to stay calm, panic will only do harm. If you are at home, take documents, cash, valuables. Turn off the gas and light. Help the elderly and children gather. Be sure to close the door with a key to avoid looting.
When taking hostages, try not to take actions that could provoke criminals. Behave calmly, do not dare, do not look into the eyes of attackers. Try to fulfill the requirements to go to the toilet or have a drink, ask for permission. When the intelligence services carry out the liberation operation, lie on the floor and cover your head with your hands, try to stay away from windows and doors. Remember: your life is in your hands.