A shelter is, according to Ozhegov’s dictionary, a place where you can hide from something and find protection. Let us examine in more detail what types of shelters exist.
Types of Shelters
Types of shelters are classified by:
- safety properties;
- spaciousness;
- location plot (integrated and freestanding);
- the presence of filtering and ventilation equipment (with equipment for industrial production; with equipment made from improvised materials);
- the period of construction (pre-built; quick-mounted);
- purpose (for the purpose of protecting residents; for the purpose of locating management organizations).
Not everyone knows what exactly shelters can protect from. Shelters guarantee the protection of human life from:
- the effects of a nuclear explosion and its light radiation;
- penetrating radiation;
- radiation;
- precipitation;
- poisonous elements;
- bacteria;
- exposure to high temperatures due to fire;
- toxins;
- ammunition splinters;
- fragments of collapsing buildings and structures.
What is meant by political asylum?
There are types of shelters that are called political. What is a political shelter and how does it happen?
Socio-political asylum - this provides a person with a country the opportunity to hide from persecution according to political criteria, which the refugee was subjected to in his state. Persecution means not only infringement of political views, but also of social life, as well as the rights and freedoms of a citizen. The fourteenth article of the General Declaration of Human Rights states that anyone can obtain political asylum in other states in case of persecution in their homeland.
Types of Political Asylum
There are two types of political shelters - territorial and diplomatic. Territorial asylum is an opportunity to hide from socio-political persecution in the territory of another country, and diplomatic asylum is provided directly at the embassy, consulate or at military facilities (water and aircraft, bases, camps, etc.) note that another country has the right to refuse to provide shelter to a particular person without giving reasons.
In the case of providing political asylum, the government undertakes in no case to extradite the person who received help and support. Persons who have received shelter in a particular state are not foreign citizens in it if they obtained the citizenship of the country in which they found shelter. It is also worth remembering that in this case, the government is responsible for the refugee and his actions. The state ceases to provide asylum only if the circumstances that made the person seek shelter in other countries disappeared.
There is a very important point in the International Declaration. It refers to the fact that political types of shelters are not granted only to people who have committed a criminal offense.
Types of legalization of a stay of a foreign citizen in the country. Temporary Asylum in Russia
The unstable political situation in the country is pushing many residents to abandon their homes and find a roof over their heads in a foreign country. This part of society is the most vulnerable, since they have nothing of what is necessary for ordinary life.
Providing refugees with everything necessary is the task of the host state. Arriving in the Russian Federation, residents of other countries have the opportunity to choose the only way among all to legalize their stay in the state. Let's take a closer look at all the options for living in the Russian Federation. There are several options.
1. Obtain temporary asylum in the Russian Federation and use absolutely all social rights without restriction.
2. Take refugee status. Such asylum is one of the best options, since refugee status is granted to a citizen for 3 years and makes it possible to enjoy numerous benefits, as well as receive cash payments.
3. Get a socio-political shelter.
Status Creation History
It is no secret that in the south-east of Ukraine for more than 2 years, serious hostilities have been unfolding. People who became hostages of fate were left without a roof over their heads and forced to apply for asylum in the Russian Federation.
Many people believe that the terms "temporary refuge" and "refugee" appeared precisely in connection with the military situation in Ukraine. However, they are mistaken. Such a law came into force in 1993. It was used by much less foreigners than now. Mostly, as today, they were immigrants from war zones.
When can I get a special status?
Temporary asylum - the opportunity for residents of other countries to reside for some time on the territory of the Russian Federation or any other country. This is only possible in two cases.
1. An alien has reasons for obtaining refugee status.
2. A resident of another country has no reason to grant refugee status, but his deportation outside the Russian Federation is not carried out for certain circumstances. Such factors are the poor state of health, as well as the inability to provide assistance in the territory of the country of a foreign citizen, hostilities, epidemics, famines.
How to get temporary shelter?
Temporary asylum is the result of a long and laborious process. To obtain shelter, a foreign citizen is required to provide the following documents to the FMS.
1. A completed application for political asylum. It also needs to indicate all family members who are together with the applicant in the country.
2. Passport.
3. Fingerprint card.
4. A document that confirms family relationships (when entering the Russian Federation with a family).
5. 4 standard photos.
For the period of consideration of the application, a document is issued that proves the authority of a resident of another country and his family to be on the territory of the Russian Federation. The application itself is considered a maximum of 3 months. If a citizen has expressed a desire to obtain asylum and has submitted an application, then he and his family must undergo a medical examination within 10 days, after which he will receive a certificate. It is valid for 1 year.
FMS, after 3 months, makes a verdict. By permission, a citizen of a foreign country receives a certified copy of a document that indicates the provision of temporary asylum. This act must be submitted when applying for a job or, for example, in the registry office when registering marriage. This document is kept in the FMS.
Employment of a foreign citizen
Temporary asylum is an excellent option that will help you easily find a job in the territory of Russia for a citizen of another country. A foreigner who has received a temporary document has the right to find a job. He must provide a certificate of temporary asylum, a work book and a certificate of education. If a foreign citizen takes a job in an organization that is engaged in the education and upbringing of children, he is obliged to additionally provide a certificate of criminal record.
Rights of citizens of another country who have received temporary asylum
Residents of other countries who have received a certificate of temporary residence are entitled to the benefits that are set forth in the Federal Law "On Refugees". The following rights apply to foreign residents.
1. A foreigner who has a temporary residence has the right to use the services of an interpreter free of charge.
2. A foreign citizen has the right to assistance in the purchase of tickets and compensation for the carriage of goods.
3. A citizen of another country with registered temporary residence can use medical services free of charge, according to the insurance policy.
4. A foreigner has the right to free education.
5. A foreign citizen can count on help when applying for a job.
There is also material assistance, but its amount is set personally by the city authorities.
Duration of temporary residence
Temporary asylum is granted for a period of 1 year. In the future, the certificate may be extended for another 12 months. To extend the certificate it is required to write an appeal to the FMS no later than 30 days after the expiration of the initial period.
Is it possible to lose a certificate of temporary residence?
Few people know if refugee status can be lost. We will tell you in which cases the procedure for applying for a special status will have to start from the beginning.
As we said earlier, after applying for temporary asylum, a foreign citizen does not have the right to leave the territory of the Russian Federation before the expiration of the refugee status. If a foreigner nevertheless leaves the territory of Russia, then he loses his special status, and upon returning the procedure will have to be repeated.
A special status will also be lost if the refugee received citizenship in another state. The status of temporary asylum will be withdrawn if its holder commits a crime on the territory of the Russian Federation and is convicted.
Political asylum for citizens of Ukraine
Due to the difficult socio-political situation in Ukraine, applications of residents of this state are considered according to a simplified system, within 3 days. Recall that residents of other countries issue a certificate for 3 months.
To obtain temporary asylum, residents of Ukraine must submit a written application and undergo a medical examination. According to its results, a corresponding certificate is issued at the hospital, which should be transferred to the FMS. After approval of the application, a certificate is issued to the Ukrainian within 1 business day, which indicates the right to temporary residence on the territory of the Russian Federation.
Last summer, the grace period for residents of Ukraine in the Russian Federation was canceled in Russia. Earlier, Ukrainians had the opportunity to stay in the country for 90 days and renew the certificate every 3 months. Currently, citizens of Ukraine have a total of 90 days in order to legitimize their stay in the Russian Federation. This means that during the specified period, you need to transfer an application for registration of temporary asylum.
To summarize
Temporary shelter is a great way for refugees to protect themselves and their families. When there is political persecution or war in the country, the help of other states is the only way to preserve yourself and your health. It is worth recognizing that the granting of political asylum is a rather lengthy process, but on the other hand, a special status will make it possible not only to get a job in the future, but also to be trained in educational institutions.