The issue of dividing enterprises into hazard classes and establishing appropriate sanitary zones is relevant for many production managers and trade organizations. This area is regulated by a number of legal acts. The main one is SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03.
Application area
The standards of sanitary zones apply to the construction, planning, placement, operation of newly constructed, reconstructed, existing industrial facilities and industries. The rules apply to elements of communication and transport, trade network, catering, utilities and agriculture, pilot production. All of them act as sources of impact on human health and its environment.
Goals
The rules determine:
- Hazard class of industries and facilities engaged in industry.
- Requirements for the area of the protected territory, conditions for their revision.
- The procedure and methods by which the boundaries of sanitary zones for individual industries or their complexes are established.
- Restrictions on the use of special security sites.
- The order of improvement and organization of territories.
- Requirements for sanitary breaks in communications that pose a danger (railway, pipeline, automobile, aviation, etc.).
Subjects
The established sanitary rules are mandatory for legal entities and individuals whose activities relate to the placement, construction, planning and operation of facilities. Approved requirements are also intended for bodies authorized to carry out state supervision.
SanPiN: sanitary zones
To ensure the safety of citizens, in accordance with Federal Law No. 52 of March 30, 1999, a special site with a special regime of use is being created around industries and structures acting as sources of impact on public health and the environment. The size of the sanitary zone should provide a reduction in the negative physical, chemical, and biological effects on atmospheric air to certain indicators. According to the functional purpose, these territories act as a barrier, contributing to the establishment of an appropriate level of security for citizens during the operation of an industrial production or other structure in a regular mode.
Planning
It involves the calculation of the sanitary zone and the justification of its approximate area in accordance with the expected air pollution and the degree of physical impact on it. The obtained indicators should be confirmed by the results of measurements and studies. The project of sanitary zones is developed in 2 stages:
- Preliminary stage. The preparation of documentation is carried out in accordance with the calculation of dispersion of air pollution and physical effects (vibration, noise, electromagnetic fields, etc.).
- Final stage (established). The sanitary-hygienic zone is planned in accordance with the results of field observations, examinations and measurements to confirm previously obtained parameters.
Additional points
The criterion by which the area of sanitary zones is determined is the maximum (maximum) permissible concentration (MPC) of polluting compounds for the air of settlements and permissible levels (MPP) of physical influence at their external borders and beyond. For groups of industrial production, a unified sanitary protection zone (SPZ) is established taking into account the general indicator of emissions from all sources within the same territory. Laboratory studies of air and the measurement of physical effects on it are carried out on the lines of established special sections, in residential buildings by services accredited in the prescribed manner to perform this kind of work.
Territory boundaries
The sanitary protection zone (SPZ) is established within certain limits, according to the characteristics of emissions. In accordance with this criterion, two methods of forming such sections are allowed:
- From sources that have physical, chemical, biological effects in the presence of medium and high objects that produce heated emissions.
- From the line of land allotment owned by production for carrying out economic activities and drawn up in accordance with the established procedure, to the external limit in a given direction.
In the latter case, in turn, the sanitary zone of the enterprise is established:
- From unorganized and organized sources. This option is used if there is technological equipment in open areas.
- When organizing production with sources distributed throughout the industrial site.
- In the presence of low and ground objects, as well as structures that carry out cold emissions of medium height.
Bans and Permissions
In territories with background indicators exceeding hygiene requirements, the placement of industries acting as sources of environmental pollution and impact on public health is not allowed. For existing industrial facilities, reconstruction or re-profiling is allowed, provided that all types of negative impact are reduced to maximum permissible concentration during biological and chemical exposure and maximum permissible concentration for physical factors.
Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises
If the area of special territories that is determined by the estimate and obtained from risk assessments, field studies and measurements of the physical, biological and chemical effects on air does not match, the decision to establish its limits on the ground is made according to the option according to which maximum safety for the health of those living in settlement of citizens. Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises are determined in accordance with the capacity, operating conditions, quantity and nature of the compounds released into the air, created vibration, noise and other negative factors. Indicators and groups are also formed taking into account the envisaged measures to reduce the adverse effects on public health and surrounding living conditions. The following classification of sanitary protection zones is provided:
- 1 cl. - 1000 meters.
- 2 cl. - 500 m.
- 3 cl. - 300 meters.
- 4 cl. - 100 m.
- 5 cl. - 50 meters.
It should be said that in the previous Rules there were twice as many sanitary zones. For example, for the first class - 2000 m. A temporary decrease in production volumes does not act as a basis for reviewing the accepted areas. The sanitary zone of the object on graphic materials (territorial planning scheme, general layout of the city, etc.) outside the industrial site is marked with special information signs.
Increase plots
There are several conditions in the Rules, according to which the sanitary zone of the enterprise can be increased. The expansion of the area is allowed no more than three times. Sanitary zones may be increased by agreement of the construction authorities and the Sanitary Inspection:
- Depending on the effectiveness of the likely or envisaged measures for cleaning air emissions.
- If necessary, place residential buildings in the leeward side of industrial production in the territory of possible atmospheric pollution.
- In the absence of emission control methods.
- Depending on the wind direction and other adverse terrain conditions.
- If it is impossible to reduce vibration, noise, electromagnetic radio frequency waves and other negative factors that enter the environment, to the extent provided for in the standards.
- During the construction of new, insufficiently studied in environmental terms industries.
Beautification
Sanitary areas or parts thereof cannot be used to expand industrial sites. The territory should be landscaped and landscaped. A special plan is being developed for this. It is compiled simultaneously with a reconstruction or construction project. When planning improvement on the part of the residential area (the territory of the residential sector, cultural facilities, etc.), it is necessary to provide for a strip of tree and shrub plantings. Its width should be at least 50 meters, and with a sanitary zone width of up to 100 m - at least 20 m to ensure the appropriate level of environmental well-being, the Rules provide for elements that can be placed within special areas, as well as directly on the industrial site itself.
Nuclear infrastructure
Sanitary zones of nuclear installations are provided for in Art. 31 Federal Law No. 170. They are created to ensure the protection of the health of the population living in the area where the nuclear power plant, radiation source or storage area for radioactive materials and substances is located. The area and limits of such territories are determined in the plan in accordance with the rules provided for in the field of atomic energy use. It is agreed with the bodies of the Sanitary Inspection and approved by local self-government structures.
rules
The above Law does not allow the placement of certain objects within the sanitary zone. These include public and residential buildings, children's institutions, medical and health buildings, public catering facilities, industrial, utility and other utility buildings that are not related to the operation of the nuclear installation and are not provided for in the approved territory plan. The operation of facilities existing within the zone for economic purposes when changing the nature of their use is permitted upon presentation of the service company in agreement with government and security authorities.
Observation sites
The need to establish such zones, their boundaries and areas are determined in the plan in accordance with the safety characteristics of nuclear installations. The parameters are agreed with the bodies of the Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision. At the observation site, some restrictions on the implementation of economic activity may be introduced within the framework of the current legislation. If sanitary areas are included in this type of territory, the measures of social and economic compensation apply to citizens. They seek redress for additional risk factors. Citizens are also covered by emergency planning measures. Compensation for losses incurred by the creation of surveillance sites and a sanitary protection zone is carried out by the operating organization within the framework of the current legislation.
Improving the hydrological regime
In areas adjacent to the waters of rivers, lakes and other surface water sources, sanitary water supply zones are established. They are subject to a special regime for carrying out economic and other types of activities. It is aimed at preventing siltation, clogging, pollution and depletion of objects, conservation of the range of animals and plants. Such sites are formed as part of environmental measures aimed at improving the technical condition and hydrological regime, and improving the sources and their coastal lines. Within the zones, protective strips are created within the boundaries of which additional restrictive measures are introduced.
Limit setting specifics
The area and boundaries of coastal protection zones and protective zones of water sources, the mode of their use are determined in accordance with the soil, physiographic, hydrological and other conditions on the ground. This takes into account the forecast of changes in coastlines. The areas and borders are approved by the regional executive structures on the proposal of the basin and other territorial bodies regulating the use and protection of the hydrological fund of the Ministry of Natural Resources, coordinated with special authorized state organizations in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and epidemiological surveillance divisions within the framework of their competence.
Parameters
The following minimum widths of protection zones and coastal protection zones shall be established:
- For lakes, rivers and elders - from the water edge at a normal level of backwater.
- For swamps - from their borders (zero depth of peat deposits).
- For the seas - from the maximum limit of the tide.
The minimum width of the protective water protection zone for river sections, the length of which is from the source:
- Up to 10 km - 50 meters.
- From 10 to 50 km - 100 m.
- 50-100 km - 200 meters.
- 100-200 km - 300 m.
- 200-500 km - 400 meters.
- From 500 and more - 500 m.
Key factors
Specific conditions are established that are taken into account when establishing the width of the coastal lines of lakes, rivers and reservoirs. These factors include the types of land that are adjacent to the source, the steepness of the slopes. For example, the width of the coastal line with a reverse or zero slope in the presence of arable land is set within 15-30 m, forests and shrubs - 35 meters. With a slope of more than three degrees., In the presence of the same adjacent objects, the distance increases to 55-100 m.
Prohibited Activities
The Regulation on Protective Water Protection Zones establishes restrictions on the performance of work. In particular, activities such as:
- The use of chemical compounds and agents for combating plant diseases and pests, eliminating weeds.
- The implementation of aviation chemical work.
- Use for fertilizing soil manure.
- Placement of warehouses of mineral fertilizers, fuels and lubricants, toxic chemicals, sites for refueling equipment with hazardous substances, livestock farms and complexes, landfills for the storage and storage of agricultural, industrial and household waste, wastewater storage tanks, cattle burial grounds and cemeteries.
- Refueling, repair and washing of vehicles, mechanisms.
- Waste and manure storage.
- Placement of garden plots and summer cottages, if the width of the protective zone of the water source is less than 100 m, and the steepness of the slopes of the adjacent territories is more than three degrees.
- Execution of cutting down for general use.
- Placement of parking lots, including within the garden and summer cottages.
- The reconstruction and construction of structures, buildings, communications and other facilities, mining, excavation and other work without coordination with the authorized bodies.
Coastal Mode
Within these bands, in addition to the above restrictions, it is prohibited:
- Plowing the earth.
- Use of fertilizers.
- Warehousing of dumps of eroded soil.
- Organization of summer pastures and grazing, except for the operation of traditional watering sites.
- The installation of seasonal tent camps, the placement of garden and summer cottages, the allocation of land for private housing.
- Moving tractors and other vehicles, except special purpose vehicles.
Land plots within the coastal lines may be provided for the placement of objects:
- Recreation.
- Hunting and fishing.
- Water supply.
- Hydrotechnical and port facilities, if there is a permit for the use of sources, which sets out the requirements for observing a special security regime.
The maintenance of coastal stripes and water protection zones is carried out by users. Land owners and their other owners, on whose plots the indicated territories are located, are required to observe a special regime. The establishment of water protection zones does not imply the seizure of allotments from their legal owners, a ban on transactions with them, except as provided by law.
Sanohran County
They are established as one of the measures to protect natural healing resources, health-improving areas, resorts. These territories are specially protected. They establish a complex regulatory regime. In the territories where medicinal natural resources are located, accommodation and implementation of all types of households is not allowed. activities. An exception is work relating to the study and use of facilities for recreational purposes. At the same time, rational and environmentally friendly technologies should be used. Enforcement of this regime is entrusted to users. These include entities (legal and physical) engaged in the development and subsequent use of therapeutic resources in accordance with the license. , . , , , , .