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One of the most common malignant neoplasms in women is a breast tumor. In medicine, such tumors are called cancerous or oncological. In the stronger sex, they are not often observed. The first sign of breast cancer manifests itself as a dense, painless, nonsmooth, single node, which increases over time, penetrates the epidermis, muscles and fascia. Usually metastases appear first of all in regional lymph nodes, later in distant organs of a person, such as: lungs, liver, bones, etc.
It is customary to divide the development of cancer into four stages.
Stage 1 - a tumor of 3 centimeters develops in the mammary glands, metastases are not observed.
Stage 2 (a) - at this stage the tumor reaches 5 centimeters and begins to switch to fiber, here you can see the first signs of breast cancer, the so-called retraction syndromes - to do this, fold the skin over the tumor and you will see how it appears wrinkling of the skin. Regional metastases are absent.
Stage 2 (b) - with it, all the same signs of breast cancer are noted as in the previous case, only axillary metastases appear.
Stage 3 (a and b) - multiple metastases are formed in a tumor of various diameters, which is located in the subscapular, axillary or subclavian lymph nodes. You can observe the symptom of the "orange peel" located above the tumor, it manifests itself due to improper outflow of lymph. Here you can also see signs of breast cancer such as a funnel-shaped retraction of the skin just above the tumor.
Stage 4 - the spread of cancer passes to other organs.
There are rare types of cancer, such as: erysipelas, its symptoms - instant reddening of the skin around the mammary gland , spreading further along the body; and mastitis-like, acute, with fever, swelling, severe pain, and Paget cancer. The last of these forms of cancer originates in the area of the nipple and areola, over time, the nipple decreases, then disappears, and flat, wet plaques appear. The whole process is slow, step by step, breast tissue is infected, metastases occur.
It is necessary to differentiate a breast tumor of oncological nature from a benign, nodular type of mastopathy, as well as from chronic non- purulent and purulent mastitis. The final diagnosis can be identified only after a histological examination (biopsy of the site of the flesh) of dense tissue in the mammary gland, if there are signs of breast cancer. Cancer is most effective in the early stages of treatment. Most often, patients seek help themselves, accidentally seeing a tumor while dressing or bathing. Sometimes the cause is discharge from the nipple. If the cancer is confirmed, then the patient is immediately sent to an oncologist.
Preventive measures of oncological diseases that occur in the mammary gland - treatment and prevention of precancerous diseases. First of all, to detect cancer in the early stages, it is necessary to more clearly inform citizens about this disease, to insist that a woman conduct self-tests. An important role is played by preventive systematic examinations, in which you can detect signs of breast cancer and mastopathy. If during a self-examination a woman detects breast asymmetry, observes a partial retraction of the nipple, skin, or notes a slight swelling, then you need to consult a mammologist. Personal hygiene is important, especially during pregnancy, as well as after delivery. An important role is played by the care of the nipples during breastfeeding. This prevents the appearance of cracks in the nipples and mastitis.
The treatment of oncological neoplasms arising in the mammary gland, as a rule, is combined: radiation, chemotherapeutic, surgical or hormonal. The treatment depends on the age, hormonal balance and stage of the disease of the woman, etc. The main method, as a rule, is a radical operation to remove the tumor.