Hygiene of water and air are important disciplines, and at the same time, the nuances of the world that affect human everyday life. It is impossible to imagine our existence without air, because then a person will not be able to breathe. The atmosphere is very important for heat exchange processes. Deterioration in air quality leads to a variety of disruptions in life. Too badly affected by too high and very low temperatures, lack of oxygen. Poor quality air is highly likely to cause illness.
Relevance of the issue
Compliance with hygiene of air and water in many ways allows us to ensure health and a high standard of living for each member of society. Air affects every person. Weather is important to us, climatic conditions play a role. Some influence directly, others indirectly. Due to the air, the hygienic qualities of the place of life, soil, used household items, including clothing, are adjusted. Air tends to get dirty. The sphere of responsibility of society is to protect the atmosphere, maintain sanitary control, take care of the quality of the gases surrounding us.
Assessing environmental hygiene, atmospheric air needs to be analyzed for physical, chemical parameters, the presence of impurities. They specify the temperature heating and humidity level, the direction of displacement of the atmospheric layers and the speed of this process. Important hygiene parameters - electrification, radioactivity, ability to cool. When analyzing for chemistry, you need to check at what concentration there are constant ingredients, whether foreign gases are included. The study of air hygiene involves the study of inclusions of dust, soot and other components, microbes.
Is it worth the attention?
The specified parameters that determine the hygiene of atmospheric air, comprehensively affect the human body. In a theoretical approach, it is preferable to consider each of the factors individually. Physical qualities are usually combined into a group of meteorological parameters. To determine the hygienic features, it is necessary to compare the experimentally obtained indicators and standards adopted in an official manner. It is important to analyze how much the quality of the atmosphere corrects the performance of people, their health.
Especially significant is the air quality if a person is forced to actively work with muscles. This applies to sports. Ventilation increases, heat is more actively generated. For sports facilities, monitoring atmospheric hygiene helps you determine when to take any action. If suitable conditions for sports are created in the room, all the people taking part in them will be safe.
Subtleties of the problem
The importance of studying atmospheric hygiene and measures to maintain it is due to the fact that it is the ingredients of this environment that provide the possibility of processes in the human body. Air is necessary for both oxidation and reduction reactions, the balance of which is the basis of our life. Such interactions occur at the cellular level, regulate the functioning of individual tissues and organs, affect the state of the body as a whole. The products of the exchange of gases of man and the world enter the air. In fact, it is in the air that the heat transfer processes inherent in the human body are predominantly localized. The pulmonary system evaporates moisture, heat is transferred convectionally. The presence of chemically aggressive components in the environment becomes not so critical for human health, because it is due to air that the concentration decreases - the atmosphere dilutes such inclusions. At the moment, air is considered as a remedy - one of the most effective of the known. The atmospheric factor is important for prevention.
To evaluate hygiene and air pollution, you need to determine all the key parameters and qualities of the atmosphere. The most important aspect, according to scientists, is the quality of the troposphere. This is the part of the atmosphere that starts from the ground and spreads in height by an average of 11 kilometers. Mostly human activity is localized in this area. Ensuring the high quality of this unit helps to improve the health of all individuals and increase the productivity of society as a whole.
About options
When assessing hygiene and air pollution, the temperature should be checked. This factor is one of the constantly affecting people. On our planet, the key source of heat is the radiation from the luminary of the system. Under the influence of radiation, the soil heats up, from it heat spreads to the atmospheric layers located nearby. Air heating is directly determined by how much solar energy has arrived at the site, and this, in turn, is calculated for each individual day and for the year as a whole. The temperature is adjusted by the latitude of the site, the rise above the sea level and the distance from large bodies of water. In many ways, the level of air heating depends on the presence of vegetation. The temperature parameter varies greatly throughout the year, changing in 24 hours. The coldest period is shortly before dawn, and the warmest is about two hours in the afternoon.
Temperature is an important physical property determining atmospheric hygiene. It depends on it, how heat transfer processes of a person and the world around will proceed. The higher the heating of the air, the more difficult it is to transfer heat, and when excessively low, the return becomes too intense. A person who has been in the cold for a long time is faced with the activation of heat production. The gaps of blood vessels located near the skin are narrowed, blood is more actively supplied to the internal tissues. If the external temperature is higher than normal, the heat production in the body weakens, the vascular lumens expand. The body is trying to build itself under external conditions so that the balance between the world and the internal space in terms of temperature is optimal.
Heat exchange
One of the key physical properties that determine the quality of air hygiene is the degree to which it warms up. The physical adjustment of the level of heat production is closely related to the mechanisms of energy transfer to the surrounding space. The human body is able to radiate heat, transferring energy volumes to nearby objects if their temperature is lower. On average, about 55.6% of heat transfer processes occur in convection, that is, heating of the air layers closest to the body. Up to 15.3% of the heat evaporates from the skin, mucous membranes along with moisture. If a person is calm and is in comfortable conditions, this parameter can reach 29.1%.
If air and soil hygiene and other environments around us are not observed, health can be damaged. In particular, if we consider the heating of space, then for the body this can be the cause of overheating or excessive cooling. There is a risk of heat stroke. All this belongs to the class of functional disorders. The standard and norm for a living room with adequate humidity levels is considered to be 18 degrees Celsius. At a level of more than 24 degrees and less than 14, the balance with a high degree of probability is violated. In the gym according to hygienic standards, the air should warm up to 15 degrees. If you plan to practice skiing, the most comfortable temperature is within 5-15 degrees below zero, if the air is dry and there is no wind. In the winter season, you can train at temperatures up to 25 degrees below zero.
Is it dry or not?
No less important than air temperature in hygiene is the humidity of the environment. This term refers to the presence of water vapor in a cubic meter of air. The parameter changes in grams. There are several key indicators. Absolute shows how much vapor is produced per cubic meter. It is calculated at the exact moment and taking into account the level of heating. The maximum indicator is the amount characteristic of a given heating, which makes it possible to saturate the cubic meter of atmospheric gases most fully with moisture. Relative - a value that reflects the ratio of the absolute indicator to the maximum, expressed as a percentage. Another important parameter is the saturation deficit. In hygiene, it is customary to understand the difference between the maximum and the absolute indicator of humidity.
In air hygiene, humidity is primarily defined as relative. This value is considered the most important. The smaller the parameter, the less water vapor in the medium, which means that sweat will evaporate more actively. Along with this, the speed and efficiency of the heat transfer process increases. A person feels comfortable if the humidity indicator varies between 30-60%.
Not a day in peace
In air hygiene, the movement of gas masses is no less important and significant parameter. Almost always, the atmospheric layers move, because they are heated unevenly. If there are two main parameters designed to describe the ongoing movements: speed, direction. In particular, if we are talking about areas intended for sports, then it is recommended that such buildings be constructed on the windward side with respect to key objects polluting the atmosphere. To identify the direction of the wind, analyze the wind rose. To build it, it is necessary to take a map of the area, identify key rumba, identify the intersection point. On each line, segments are plotted similar to the number of days during which the direction of movement of the air masses remains stable. Endpoints need to be connected.
To put it very briefly, hygiene of air, water, soil - these are parameters of the world that are extremely important for any person. Considering in more detail the features of the hygienic characteristics of atmospheric gases, one should look at the speed of their movement. For calculations, it is customary to calculate how many meters in one second the air mass overcomes. The wind determines the heat balance, and the movement is regulated by the processes of heat transfer - convection, evaporation. The maximum cooling effect can be observed if the humidity is high and the temperature is low. With high humidity and a level of heating of the environment greater than the temperature of the human body, the effect becomes the opposite - the body heats up. When the humidity is low and the air is in motion, it cools the body surfaces, as evaporation occurs. In the warm season, they consider a comfortable wind speed not exceeding 4 m / s. For sports practices, air movement of about 2.5 m / s is desirable.
Hygiene and Chemistry
Hygiene is also a medical science dedicated to the interaction of the world and the human body. It is associated with other areas, due to which the medical worldview is formed: physio-, bio-, microbiology. The methods and information obtained in the course of research and experiments are actively used in hygiene work, thanks to which it is possible to more effectively identify how various factors affect the human body, and therefore, to develop measures for the prevention of diseases. Hygienic features of the various parameters of the space around us, as well as mutual relations with the state of human health, are the foundation for the accurate and correct diagnosis of a number of pathologies, as well as the development of ways to eliminate them.
The importance of the chemical properties of air cannot be underestimated. In hygiene, the atmosphere around us is regarded as a gas mixture, and in dry form, vital oxygen accounts for approximately 21%. Nitrogen in the air is about 78%, carbon dioxide is about 0.03%. The airspace surrounding us has inclusions of neon, krypton, argon, and many other chemical components. A relatively small fraction is allocated to ozone, vapor of liquids, iodine. The most significant component for a person is considered to be oxygen. Animals, people are forced to breathe, and this process involves oxygen consumption. It is necessary for oxidative reactions and the combustion process. The concentration of this gas is maintained in the atmosphere close to stable, since at the same time as consumption, the compound is generated by vegetation. Photosynthesis allows you to get annually about 5 * 10 ^ 14 tons. When water molecules decay under the influence of solar radiation, the process proceeds with the generation of a certain amount of oxygen.
The relevance of the content of the component
Considering the peculiarities of hygiene of air and atmosphere, it is necessary to remember how sensitive the human body is to the presence of oxygen and a decrease in its content in the environment around. A decrease in the parameter to 17% is associated with an increase in the frequency of contractions of the heart and increased breathing. If the oxygen content drops to 7%, such conditions are considered incompatible with the existence. An increase of up to 100% under normal pressure is easily tolerated by the human body, but as pressure increases, CNS functionality and local pulmonary lesions are possible. If the pressure reaches three atmospheres, and the oxygen content varies between 40-60%, tissues absorb oxygen better, and previously disturbed functions of internal systems are stabilized.
Studying the chemical composition and its features as part of air hygiene, scientists found that ultraviolet radiation with a short wavelength (up to 200 nm) leads to the dissociation of oxygen molecules. The process is accompanied by the generation of atomic oxygen, which interacts with neutral molecules - this is how ozone is formed. The processes of generation and decomposition of ozone are in equilibrium. The value of this component of air is estimated as very significant, because it is ozone that is capable of absorbing short-wave radiation, which negatively affects life on our planet. The same component of air can block infrared radiation with a long wavelength - our planet acts as its source. Such absorption causes the prevention of overcooling of the earth's surface.
Clean or not?
In short, air hygiene is a science that made it possible to understand how much human health depends on the state of the environment. Our organisms every 24 hours consume a huge amount of air: for an adult, the parameter reaches two tens of cubic meters. This is necessary to maintain life support. If the atmosphere is polluted, together with the inhaled gases, the body receives dangerous components that adversely affect the functioning of internal systems. Such effects vary greatly from case to case and depend on the type of polluting inclusion, its content and the duration of the impact on the person. The role played by the frequency of interaction with inclusions plays a role.
As observations in the field of air hygiene have shown, the presence of pollution in the atmosphere can be the cause of poisoning - both in acute form and chronic. The percentage of sick people rises, various effects develop: short-term, distant in time. Perhaps the formation of specific reactions. There are many acute poisonings provoked by toxic fogs - this can be the cause of many deaths.
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Research in air hygiene has also focused on assessing the chronic effects of atmospheric emissions. As established, this leads to an increase in the average of one and a half times, or even twice the frequency of occurrence of bronchitis in the form of chronicles, as well as pulmonary emphysema. The risk of acute respiratory viral infections increases, people often suffer from a chronic runny nose and ear inflammation. From the organized scientific work, it follows that the pollution contained in the air we breathe in can cause the cancer process and increase the sensitivity of the body, which entails a variety of allergic reactions.
If air hygiene is violated, the atmosphere is polluted, and at the same time, the sanitary conditions of our existence change. If there is a lot of dust in the air, the level of its transparency decreases, the illumination worsens and the strength of ultraviolet radiation changes. The more dust in the atmosphere, the more active fog is formed, due to which the number of cases of injuries by people increases. In addition, the fog negatively affects the psycho-emotional status and worsens human well-being. Among the components polluting the air, sulfuric, aldehyde substances, soot and hydrogen sulfide are most often found. In most places of active human life, the air is polluted with nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons.
Causes and consequences
In many ways, air hygiene is deteriorating due to industry. Factories and other similar objects abundantly generate gaseous substances hazardous to human health. Thermal power plants negatively affect the atmosphere, the election of which is about 27% of all harmful compounds entering the atmosphere. The combustion of fuel leads to the appearance of soot and ash in the air masses. Numerous substances penetrate into the air in gaseous form. The second place in terms of harmfulness to our planet is given to metallurgical industrial facilities - 24% is black, about 2.5 times less - the share is non-ferrous. About 60% of all emissions negative for the outside world in large settlements are caused by the presence of vehicles.
Currently, the average daily parameters of the accumulation of hazardous components in the air are determined on the territory of our country. They were calculated taking into account the need to maintain a minimum at which people are not threatened to constantly suffer from chronic pathologies. There is a parameter of maximum permissible emission, a standard adopted in science and technology. It is determined for each specific source individually. Compliance with this limitation helps ensure overall environmental safety.
Biology and Hygiene
A variety of biological objects - spores and viruses, cysts and fungi - negatively affect the hygienic state of the atmosphere. Air does not provide microscopic life forms with comfort for reproduction; it is mainly contaminated by soil. Within 24 hours in one day, the concentration of hazardous life forms in the air layers varies. There is a dependence on the time of year. In winter, the pollution is lower, in summer it is stronger, since the surface of the soil dries up, its particles more actively rise into the air.
In large populated areas, bacterial colonization of one cubic meter can be estimated at 30-40 thousand units. In the suburbs, where there is a fairly large vegetation, the indicator rarely exceeds a thousand units for the same volume of air masses. Close to sterile air over the largest reservoirs and snow-capped mountain peaks.
Air is a means of moving aerogenic infections that are resistant to aggressive environmental conditions. So whooping cough and measles, flu and other diseases spread. Smallpox and tuberculosis can be transmitted through the air between individuals. One sneeze creates 40,000 small droplets, each of which may have some microscopic life forms. These drops are able to spread over large areas, which forms the epidemiological situation.