Experts in this field can tell about what psychotherapy is - scientists, due to which science is progressing, and practicing psychiatrists, who are in any fairly large settlement. The average person often underestimates the importance of psychotherapy as a way and approach to healing. In Western countries, this is less common, but here we have yet to improve people's awareness in this area. Let's try to figure out what is at stake.
general information
Scientists, explaining what psychotherapy is, necessarily focus on the belonging of this discipline to therapeutic varieties aimed at the human psyche. The idea of ​​a workflow is to influence a person through words. The broadest interpretation of the term is as follows: treatment, which is carried out through communication between a specialist and a client. Clinician, regardless of profile, entering into dialogue with the patient, to some extent, becomes a psychotherapist, because it affects the psyche of the person who addressed.
In the framework of psychotherapy, it is customary to consider the so-called optimal contacts. Explaining what psychotherapy is, scientists suggest treating it as the science of building such an interaction. For the success of the process, it is necessary for each patient to form an individual approach, a special line of behavior that would proceed from the experience gained by the person. It is important to remember the specifics of the person in need. In the work, the specialist must take into account the social environment of the person and the realities in which the person exists.
Goals and means to achieve them
Telling what psychotherapy is, experts characterize it as a form of treatment that has as its main goal to exclude manifestations of the disease. Professionals working in this field strive to change the attitude of a person to themselves, other people, their own condition.
You can combine different approaches to working with the patient. Interaction with a psychiatrist is allowed, combined with taking medications. Some patients for greater effectiveness of the course should engage in specially selected exercises, physical education practices. Occupational therapy is sometimes indicated. Psychotherapy is focused on working with the patient through communication, on a relatively mild effect on the person, but this does not mean that everything should be limited to verbal interaction only.
Working methods
There are several basic methods by which these goals can be achieved. There is a rational - the most classic. Suggestive method - this is the influence in which a person is inspired by some attitudes in reality. This is done during hypnotic sleep. Some psychologists practice the method of autosuggestion, teaching a person to inspire something on their own.
Narcopsychotherapy is a rather difficult to implement and requires special responsibility approach to working with clients. Psychoesthetotherapy is a relatively rarely used approach in practice. Collective is a variant of interaction in which a professional works immediately with a group of individuals. May attract family or people with the same disabilities or problems. Psychotherapy can be behavioral or in the form of a game. Sometimes the best option is to invoke the patient’s imagination. Then imagotherapy is indicated.
Rational psychotherapy
This technique of psychotherapy involves influencing the needy through clarifications supported by logical arguments. The tasks of a psychotherapist are to explain and explain to a person, to tell him something that is not yet known to the patient, which is incomprehensible to him. Using available sources of information and their own logical capabilities, the doctor works with the patient in order to rid him of false positions and beliefs.
A rational approach involves not only direct influence through words, but also suggestion in indirect ways. There is an indirect positive effect of therapy, in particular, when a specialist inspires other people in the presence of the needy with information that must be acquired by the patient. You can resort to the methodology of emotional influence and didactics as a means of mutual work. Mostly psychotherapy of this format is implemented as a dialogue between the patient and the doctor. The conversation is formed by a doctor; its main task is to explain to the needy what caused the disease, what are the prospects, what treatment should be like.
Features of rational psychotherapy
In clinical psychotherapy, a rational option for working with a client is used if the doctor considers working with the patient promising through simple arguments. The professional's task is to convey them briefly and clearly, avoiding ambiguity and ambiguity. The doctor should notice any changes in the patient’s condition, even if they are very weak, and progress is negligible, and operate on them. Any factor should be used through which it is likely to inspire the patient with hope of getting rid of the disease. The task of the professional is to inspire the needy, so that pessimism remains in the past.
The success of the interaction is largely determined by the personality of the doctor responsible for working with the patient, the sincerity of the specialist. Good results are achieved only when the professional is sincerely interested in changing the patient’s living conditions for the better. In order for the course to be effective, the doctor must gain confidence and become attractive to the client. His task is not only to convince the patient, but also to listen to him.
Suggestive psychotherapy
The term "suggestion" is used to denote the effect on the human psyche, the realization of which is possible through the instillation of desire, thought, disgust, and rejection. Such psychotherapy is focused on conveying to the needy the positions that he accepts without thinking over the information and without checking its consistency. As part of an interaction with a therapist, information is absorbed without critical analysis. If we compare this approach with the one described above, we should take as the main difference the emphasis on emotional impact as opposed to rational. A patient who is inspired by something is passive, he does not reflect and only perceives the words of the doctor. Such therapy may involve suggestion to a waking person or work with a person immersed in a hypnotic sleep. With this format of interaction, sessions are called hypnotic suggestive.
Clinical psychotherapy of suggestive format involves suggestion to a waking person. This is organized for an individual or group of needy. Success is determined by the listener's focus on what the specialist said. It is advisable to work in a room that is as high as possible isolated from any outside noise. The best effect is interaction in a darkened room. As practice has shown, the patient must lie or sit, so that the pose is relaxed and not distract from the words of the therapist. The doctor speaks expressively, using imperative intonation. Facial expressions, gestures that accompany replicas, also greatly affect the outcome of the course.
Features of suggestive psychotherapy
In order for a suggestive psychological psychotherapy to give a result, the doctor resorts to specialized formulas of suggestion. Those in terms of content are as specific as possible, in terms of wording - understandable, accessible to the listener. If you are supposed to work with a person who is addicted to alcohol, suggestive influence includes suggestion: the patient completely quits alcohol, does not feel attraction to it. If everything is done correctly, the result will be an aversion to alcohol, especially strong when trying to use such a product. Observations showed that some even vomit, feel sick.
Autosuggestion is an important internal section of suggestive psychotherapy. It consists in inspiring a person to himself some thoughts and ideas. In this way, you can inspire feelings. To find out exactly what information to submit to yourself in this format, you must first consult a doctor. The purpose of the therapeutic course is to eliminate the painful phenomena, to make the person strong-willed and confident in the successful outcome of the treatment.
Autosuggestion: in detail
As shown by studies conducted at various institutes of psychology and psychotherapy, the most effective and practical method is autogenous training. It must be practiced weekly from one to three times. Every day a person in need of a psychotherapeutic course must independently engage outside medical consultation. At first, the main task of the patient is to master the formula chosen by the doctor for a particular course. Self-hypnosis is aimed at the formation of a specific physical sensation: for example, gravity in the body. A person achieves maximum muscle relaxation. A state of relaxation makes work easier. With the successful development of the will is enough to concentrate on specific thoughts necessary for recovery.
Hypnosuggestive treatment
This approach, studied and practiced in the framework of clinical psychology and psychotherapy, involves suggestion for therapeutic purposes, carried out at a time when the needy is in a hypnotic dream. Previously, the doctor explains to the person with the simplest possible words what the essence of the therapeutic program is. The main task of the opening speech is to eliminate fear and overcome the skepticism of the needy. Then begin the session, formed by three consecutive steps. The patient is euthanized, suggestion is performed, then he is taken out of a hypnotized state. The duration of the entire session usually does not exceed 45 minutes, often only half an hour is enough. As part of the course of treatment, a dozen sessions are usually necessary, less often a dozen sessions.
Several different euthanasia techniques have been developed. Psychotherapy focused on hypnotic suggestion allows not only verbal interaction with the patient. The doctor can use monotonous irritating factors - buzzer, metronome, recording of surf or drop. You can use tactile stimuli, evenly touch a person, stroke his skin. To help specialists produce passes. A long-known method is fixing a person’s gaze on a brilliant object. Suggestion allows you to immerse a person in a dream. The task of the doctor is to maintain the rapport throughout the session.
The practical subtleties of hypnotic suggestive treatment
Hypnotic effects-oriented psychotherapy involves a work process formed by three successive stages. Doubt begins first, that is, a step, when the needy's muscles are relaxed, he is slightly asleep. You can exit this stage yourself. Further hypotaxia begins. The term refers to the stage of complete muscle relaxation. Catalepsy can be provoked. The third step is somnambulism. This condition is the deepest. A person does not feel external stimuli and fully fulfills the suggestion of the doctor. The effect of a therapeutic course is sometimes achievable already at the first or second stage, therefore, it is far from always necessary to cause somnambulism.
The formula by which the suggestion is made is formed by convincing expressions. Such should be created individually, taking into account the specific case. Content should be linked to the measures the patient needs to apply. The formula is spoken clearly, without raising a voice, in simple remarks, filled with meaning as much as possible. Phrases should replace each other with short pauses. Sometimes harsh expressions are needed, pronounced in an imperative tone.
In the framework of counseling preceding hypnotic psychotherapy, the doctor explains: the first session will be a source of well-being. Some patients then feel vigorous and optimistic. Only later does the doctor deal with suggestion, the purpose of which is to cure the person. Dehypnotization in most does not cause problems. The end of the session ends with the suggestion of the fact that after waking up, the person will feel completely rested.
Group work
Sometimes psychotherapy is work with a group of patients. You can conduct hypnotic group sessions. When forming a group, it is recommended to include one or two people from the hypnotable category. The phenomenon of imitation, mutual induction increases the ability of suggestibility.
A collective psychotherapeutic course involves the mutual influence of those in need on each other under the supervision of a specialist. Each session is held when a group gathers. The doctor works with patients, team members adjust each other's behavior and thinking. Typically, the team is made up of people who previously received the help of a psychotherapist individually.
As you know from the basics of psychotherapy, collective sessions will be effective only if the doctor was able to create an atmosphere of mutual trust. All persons attending a lesson should be interested in healing and understand all their benefits from it. The success of the course depends on the correct formation of the group. It is necessary to include persons of approximately equal age with a similar level of intellectual development. If possible, you need to dwell on persons with similar interests. Large groups sometimes form up to three dozen people. Medium format - no more than 15 people, a small group - within eight listeners. For some purposes, same-sex groups are optimal, sometimes mixed ones can be formed. Groups are heterogeneous, homogeneous in aspects of nosology. This means that it is allowed to include people with different diseases or the problem should be the same for everyone.
Subtleties of working with a group
Usually, in the course of training in psychotherapy, teachers make a special emphasis on the importance of choosing the right participants for communication. For the work to give a good result, among the listeners should be those who are close to recovery. Their presence creates among other members of the collective an understanding of the ability to recover and the desire for it. This selection of group members is called the formation of a perspective of absolute cure.
The content of the classes is selected so that it corresponds to the tasks of the doctor. Inside the group, you first need to explain to the participants the objectives of the course, then activate people through training and re-educate in order to achieve the desired lasting result.
There are certain categories of people for whom collective work is most effective if they do something together. For example, you can attend events or work. In particular, this gives a good result if you need to work with psychopaths or people who are cured of alcohol addiction.
Family treatment
This area of ​​psychotherapy is a form of collective treatment, in which a positive therapeutic effect is aimed at improving relations within the family. Often the need for it arises if interpersonal relationships are violated. The doctor helps to make them more positive or rebuild them at the root. Often the need for such therapy arises from a neurotic disorder or with the aim of preventing such a high-risk occurrence. Family therapy is resorted to if it is necessary to rehabilitate a person who has undergone psychosis, neurosis. The doctor’s task is to create the most positive atmosphere in life, at home, for a person who has gone through a mental illness.
Drug Psychotherapy
Such systemic psychotherapy involves a combined effect on the needy. The doctor establishes verbal contact and applies barbiturates. Medicines are injected into a vein. The main goal of the drug component is to provide incomplete anesthesia. As drugs used "Amital", "Pentotal". Often use "Geksenal".
The indicated combination is indicated if the patient's hypnosis is low. Medicines give a state of euphoria, which is combined with stupor. A person under the influence of these funds is suggestively available, that is, the effectiveness of the course becomes greater. A person who receives this kind of qualified help gains confidence in his abilities.
, . 10-15 .
– -. . , . , . , – . , , . , , . , , , , . – , , . , , . .
This term is used to denote a specialized unit of work of psychotherapists. The main idea, which became the basis for the development of this method, is the unity of the spiritual and physical, soma with the psyche. Any experience of a person, according to experts, is closely related to the physical condition. Medicine has revealed that somatic pathologies arise against the background of psycho-stress and stress. Based on such observations, they suggested the opposite effect - the ability to manipulate the psyche through work with the body. The doctor develops a set of exercises tailored to the needs of a particular patient. Muscle tension, massage, specific postures and movements - all these techniques can stabilize mental status and cope with the disease.
For the first time in practice, body psychotherapy was applied by Alexander in the late nineteenth century. The actor sought to regain his voice. Over time, having achieved success, he began to teach changes in posture, improving the ability to move in a coordinated manner, and also taught plastic movements, helping clients to correct habits. The concept of body psychology was formed at the beginning of the next century by Reich, one of the prominent figures in the sexual revolution. The main idea of ​​the psychotherapeutic approach was to contrast the protective mechanism of the psyche with physical influence on the human body.
Nowadays, this method of work is considered an effective way to expand their own boundaries and improve opportunities, to structure the image of their personality. The works of Feldenkrais, Rolf, and Janov are especially popular. The attractive ideas of Lowen, set forth in the works on bioenergy. He created a technique for self-expression and mobilization of bodily potential in order to increase the pleasure of life.
Practical points
When planning to start appropriate treatment, you should first navigate the construction of classes. Usually the session begins with the doctor’s questions about the patient’s life, his past and current, difficult moments that provoked his visit to the doctor. The doctor must take an active part so that the client feels: they hear, listen and understand him. A good doctor is not one who gives excessively much advice, but allows a person to decide what changes a particular person needs.
The therapist discusses painful topics that are difficult for the client to work with, and explains that such communication cannot be simple. One of the important aspects of a successful course is to distinguish between the atmosphere of communication with a professional and the severity of a traumatic topic.