It is believed that one of the most important occupations in the country is injury prevention. The thing is that injuries among workers and people leading a certain lifestyle are quite typical and can be prevented. Work on the prevention of injuries without fail includes the study of the human psyche, factors leading to accidents. This issue is important since approximately 6% of the population suffers from at least one damage to the body in a year.
Types of injuries
There are several varieties of this phenomenon. So, they carry out the prophylaxis of transport injuries, industrial, non-industrial, criminal and military. Relate it to one or another type, taking into account the history of the origin of the damage.
In addition, they are divided into types, taking into account whether the victim is considered disabled or not. Injuries can lead to loss of performance, and this is a fairly common occurrence in the country. A personal injury prevention plan includes the registration of each accident.
Industrial injuries
It is divided into industries in which the victim worked. Any production has its own distinctive features, because of which both injuries and their prevention differ. And most often the same events are held at similar enterprises. For example, in the metal industry, measures are usually required to prevent injuries to the hands. If this is mining, bone fractures are common here. And in the agricultural sector, measures are being taken to prevent injuries of the upper limbs.
Causes of Industrial Damage
The main reason is directly related to the organization of the process. Often, workers lack sufficient theoretical knowledge. In addition, the prevention of occupational injuries includes the competent organization of labor - errors in this area lead to increased risks. The cause of damage is often the lack of safety equipment, supervision of compliance with safety requirements.
The next common cause of worker damage is the use of faulty equipment. Prevention of work-related injuries necessarily involves checking mechanisms. Often, structural imperfections increase risks.
Sanitary and hygienic reasons are manifested in insufficient ventilation of workplaces. An excessive increase or decrease in air temperature is considered risky.
Personal reason is related to the current state of the employee. For example, he may be low-skilled, may suffer from manifestations of a chronic ailment, overwork, and be intoxicated.
According to accident investigations, approximately 40% of industrial injuries are due to an inattentive attitude towards work. Another 35% of such cases are due to technological failures. The material and technical reason provokes 10% of injuries. The rest are due to sanitary reasons.
Prevention
It is noteworthy that injuries are being prevented in preschool educational institutions, schools, and enterprises. The largest organizations monitor the competence of managers, form departments that are directly responsible for security. All production processes are carefully studied, injuries prevention is monitored, and physical education also provides for separate classes dedicated to this.
Agricultural enterprises have an engineer in charge of safety. Sometimes such duties are assigned to the chief engineer.
A large role in the prevention of injuries to adolescents is played by the work of medical workers and employees of the clinic. Coordinated measures to prevent these phenomena by the main traumatologist in the local hospital.
Be sure the employees of medical institutions carry out work on the prevention of injuries to adolescents on memos, identifying cases of concealment of damage. They also study the harmfulness of working conditions. They give working recommendations. Draw up plans related to labor protection.
Registration of each damage received at the production is carried out in a specialized journal. When an injury report is prepared, their frequency and severity must be taken into account.
Microtrauma
Microtrauma is considered the most common type of damage. Most often in the industrial sphere microtrauma of the hands is fixed. Usually, after finishing work in a coal mine, workers are examined every day. And in 30% of cases damage is detected.
Microtraumas are minor damage to the skin.
They never lead to the fact that a person loses working capacity. At the same time, they provoke the appearance of an inflammatory process - an abscess, for example. Sometimes in this case it is required to resort to surgical intervention. Sometimes a person becomes disabled.
The causes of microtraumas are often the presence of a multitude of metal products and wastes such as chips and wire. Typically, such injuries occur in workers with experience of no more than a year.
In this case, injuries and their prevention are closely associated with providing employees with protective equipment, observing safety precautions. It is important to train newly arrived workers.
Microtrauma Treatment
Timeliness of microtrauma therapy helps in most cases to stop the effects of damage. But you need to consider that the easiest way to prevent their appearance than to treat.
Antiseptics are commonly used. And as soon as the wounds were healed, the workers returned to work. To avoid a secondary wound, an antiseptic dressing is applied to damaged areas, sometimes a bactericidal sticker is used. Film-forming liquids have proven themselves as effective agents. They are most preferred due to the fact that, unlike dressings, they do not fall off. Use them after a working day.
The film serves as a reliable skin protection, so that secondary microbial contamination does not occur. At the same time, a person may have difficulty applying it to the skin. It cannot be fixed on wet skin.
It is important to carry out the initial treatment of damage in a timely manner in order to prevent further complications. For this reason, the skin is immediately washed with alcohol, washed with hydrogen peroxide, and dried. Only then is the sealant applied here. And even if there is blood, the film still begins to act, and some layer of it remains, even if the layer mainly drops off.
If the microtrauma is already old, with the onset of the inflammatory process, the film-forming agent is no longer used. Otherwise, inflammation will continue. In this case, the agent is replaced with iodoform or a bandage soaked in antibiotics is used instead. Dilute them in a 30% solution of dimexide. In cases where no suppuration is detected within two days, microtraumas are covered with dry crusts, the use of film-forming agents is permissible. But with the inflammatory process, only dressings will help.
Given that such injuries are common, it is important to vaccinate workers against tetanus. For the proper organization of therapy, it is necessary that medical care be in the workplace. Medical staff are required to organize their posts in enterprises. They also teach workers the rules of first aid. At hand, there should always be first-aid kits in which there are all the necessary tools for treating microtrauma. It is important to ensure the timeliness of their replenishment. In addition, educational work plays the main role in injuries and its prevention.
Road injuries
This type of damage along with accidents is extremely common. If this occurs during the performance of an official task, for all days on which the worker will be unworkable, he shall be paid compensation in the amount of full wages. Cases of this kind are always dealt with by insurance agents. Their accounting is carried out by medical workers.
Non-occupational injuries
This type of injury includes more than half of all injuries. First of all, work on the prevention of road traffic injuries is always necessary: it is in it that the death rate is greatest. Here, the largest number of severe injuries are found. Prevention of child traffic injuries is also important: it is he who often leads to injuries from the very first years of life.
According to official data, more than 10 million people suffer from injuries of this kind every year. Of these, about 300,000 die. Most of all, the prevention of road injuries among people of working age is needed. After all, accidents with them are most common. Representatives of the male fall into them twice or three times more often than women. Also, children aged 7-14 years rarely suffer from these phenomena.
Usually accidents occur when a car runs into pedestrians, cars collide, hit obstacles at high speed. As a rule, cases are very typical.
How severe the damage will be is largely determined by the design of the machine, speed, individual characteristics of the victim.
Injuries and their prevention are most often associated with cases of direct collision with objects that constitute a threat. Then the bones break, injuries to the skull, brain.
If the blow is applied by the bumper, there are fractures of the lower leg, thigh. Usually internal organs suffer. In cases when passengers are not fastened in the transport, they get fractures and dislocations of the spinal section, injuries to the thoracic section are caused.
Damage to the upper limbs is usually found in pedestrians. If a motorcyclist is injured, the skull is injured, the tissues are torn.
Prevention of childhood road injuries is directly related to the characteristics of injuries of this kind. Usually they are numerous, and most often 65% of all cases are fatal. Treatment in this case requires intensive, often surgical operations are performed.
Street injuries
On the streets, injured pedestrians are most often associated with ice. Sprains, dislocations, bone fractures are noted. Ankles are usually injured. The upper limbs are less likely to be damaged. For the most part, street injuries are received by persons intoxicated.
Prevention of childhood road injuries is carried out by educators, educators, and medical services. Of great importance is the activity of authorities, traffic police, vehicle designers.
The latter study directly the design of the machines, the circumstances of the damage. They eventually make designs more and more perfect. Authorities monitor the quality of the road surface. It is important that the crossings are in excellent condition at any time of the year.
The state traffic inspectorate gives out the right to drive a vehicle, optimizes traffic, installs traffic lights, signs. In addition, they make sure that the rules of the road are respected. They are entrusted with the task of detaining people in a state of intoxication.
Medical staff check the health status of drivers, issue permits for vehicle management. They conduct an examination to detect blood alcohol. Doctors evaluate how well traffic inspectors provided first aid to victims of the road. Without fail, they keep statistics of road injuries. They have a very large role in the prevention of this phenomenon, since they participate in commissions to combat injuries.
In children
Prevention of injuries in school is one of the social tasks. Damage to children is reflected in the lives of the younger generation, and their parents. Children usually get injured on the streets and at home. Less often, they suffer from vehicles, at school, in the educational process. Drowning and poisoning are much less common.
Injury prevention at school is mainly aimed at children aged 7-11 years, as they suffer more often than others. At the same time, damage to boys makes up 73% of all cases. More children die from injuries than from infections.
In the Russian Federation, approximately 10,000 children die each year on the roads, and 3,500 die from drowning. Approximately 500,000 children turn to health centers complaining of injuries.
Prevention of teenage injuries is especially important for people with low school performance, because more than 75% of all cases are just them. 70% of those included in these statistics have a weak type of nervous system. In 15% of cases, motor inhibition was diagnosed.
Causes of Injury
Among the main causes of damage to children, inattention of adults is distinguished. They believe that nothing bad will happen. With their presence, children receive about 99% of injuries on the roads and 79% of injuries at home.
25% of cases are attributed to lack of discipline in children. 4.5 cases of injuries are accounted for by killings, 5% by suicides, other causes make up 10%.
In domestic conditions, the most damage to children occurs - 75%. As a rule, people of school age suffer. If we are talking about damage on the streets, this is due to the fact that traffic rules are not respected. In this case, the damage is most severe.
In schools, about 80% of all injuries occur during change. As a rule, they are associated with the fact that the rules of behavior are violated. There are injuries during physical education, they are associated with the fact that the organization of "insurance" was not enough.
Injury prevention among children becomes more important in the summer, when children have more free time, and they are often left unattended by adults.
Although injuries to children are diverse, for the most part their causes are very typical. For this reason, the prevention of these cases is associated with teaching a child safe behavior both at home and in outdoor conditions, and a comfortable environment. The human psyche itself contributes to injuries by children: at this age people are inquisitive, agile, emotional, and they have no life experience, as well as a sense of danger they may not have.
It is important that adults directly protect them from risks. Activities aimed at this are implemented in two directions - firstly, dangerous situations will be eliminated. And secondly, children are being trained.
In this case, it is necessary to find the line between instilling shyness and fear in a child and suggesting that he will bypass the danger in case of competent behavior. Prevention of injuries will also depend on the age of the children. It is necessary to ensure the conditions under which they will be away from dangerous objects. The older the children, the more important it is for them to know how to ensure their own safety.
The danger is increased in playgrounds, in public transport. It is necessary for adults to be close to children in playgrounds and in vehicles. It is necessary, while waiting for the car, to get up to a lighted place where there are a lot of people.
Standing at a stop, you can’t turn your back on the roads, stand in the front row in the crowd, because it is likely that the crowd will push under the car. When an adult enters public transport with a small child, you need to take the baby in his arms.
Curious children risk getting injuries associated with pyrotechnics - crackers, firecrackers. In this case, they often lose their vision, they are crippled, often this leads to death. In addition, you can not leave such items at home.
Also, do not store hazardous substances in containers from food products - it is likely that children will drink them. Substances of this kind should be stored in inaccessible places, in tightly closed containers.
When resting on the water, it should be borne in mind that children drown in just 2 minutes, even in shallow water. For this reason, being close to water with a child, it is important to always be close to him. Do not blame exclusively teachers, physical education instructors for injuries, as the way children behave in children will largely depend on their parents.
Injury in the winter
In winter, the risks of getting damaged on the street increase. The thing is the effect of cold on the body and on the road surface. , 20% .
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Most dangerous when the hill ends with a springboard. There are cases when it was on it that people flew far beyond the planned trajectory, which is associated with increased danger. Sometimes this leads to death. You need to make sure that there are no obstacles like trees, fence, roads, water bodies along the trajectory.
The danger is also the effect of cold on the human body. So, if the temperature is below 20 degrees, cells in the tissues die. If the temperature is even lower, changes in the vessels begin. The body's defensive reaction to cold is vasospasm. As a result, there is a slowdown in blood circulation. Oxygen comes to tissues much more slowly.
Frostbite occurs not only in the cold - there are cases when increased humidity at zero temperature led to such consequences. Risks are increased for those who suffer from chronic heart disease.
The first to suffer are ears, nose, hands, feet. The first sign of frostbite is a burning sensation, redness of the skin. If frostbitten areas have lost sensitivity, this is a sign of deep damage. At this stage, medical care becomes necessary. You can not rub the body parts in this case with snow, put in hot water, try to warm up with alcohol.
The first step is to warm the victim. To this end, the damaged areas are massaged, and then rinsed with warm water, gradually making it hotter. For half an hour, the water temperature is increased from 30 degrees to 39.
After you need to wipe the treated skin, wrap it in a warm cloth. A person needs to be soldered with something hot, given him an anesthetic and taken to the nearest medical center. When adults send children for a walk in the cold, you need to consider that it is better for them to warm themselves every half hour. If clothes get wet - they must be replaced as soon as possible. If the body cools for a long time, this opens the way for infections. With a high probability, the body's immune properties will weaken, and a person will become ill.
Prevention of street injuries in the cold season is quite simple. So, it is necessary to provide body protection by picking up warm waterproof outerwear, pick up suitable shoes, cover your head and hands, you should not wear metal jewelry in the frost, glasses with a metal frame. If the face freezes, it must be covered with a scarf.