Life safety is important for all people, so generally accepted rules should be used. Evacuation is necessary for the organizational withdrawal of people from dangerous places and placement in a favorable zone. This event allows you to save human life and health.
Evacuation involves the withdrawal of not only the population, but also material and cultural values. During the emergency, special organizations work to prevent adverse moments. There are various types of evacuation, divided according to various criteria.
Types of evacuation
What types of evacuation are there? This event happens:
- partial: people who are not working in the manufacturing and service sectors are exported in advance, while the transport schedule is not violated;
- general: organized the removal and exit of people from settlements and resettlement in a safe territory;
- dispersed: removal of the population and employees performing production work during the war period;
- temporary: relocation of people from dangerous territories to safe if there is a threat of natural and man-made emergencies.
Evacuation is carried out in a short time. The event ends when all people are taken out of the dangerous territory. What types of evacuation are there?
Feature Separation
There are various types of evacuation on the grounds of:
- on danger: the removal of people from places of chemical, radioactive, biological exposure, severe damage, flooding and other factors;
- by the method: evacuation can be carried out using transport, as well as on foot and in a mixed way;
- remoteness: local (one settlement), local (in the territory of the subject), regional (federal district), state (throughout the country);
- by time: temporary (per day), medium-term (up to 1 month), long-term (more than 1 month).
It is important to plan all types of evacuation so that everything is done in an organized manner. Only then can many unpleasant consequences be avoided.
Features of types of evacuations
What types of evacuation are used if there is a risk of an accident or other hazardous events? Such an event is called advance. It is performed at the risk of a beyond design basis accident at hazardous facilities with adverse consequences. The reason is a short-term forecast from minutes to several days.
If there is a risk of a dangerous injury, then an emergency evacuation is carried out. The removal of the population from an unfavorable zone is carried out with a short lead time and when people are affected by damaging factors. The event is held in violation of the normal life support of the population, when there is a threat to life and health.
The necessary measures are selected on the basis of the extent of distribution and type of danger, the accuracy of the forecast. In any case, the necessary assistance should be provided to people to eliminate the threat to life and health.
Event planning
All types of evacuation should be planned. This work is carried out by the management of civil defense, civil defense and emergency services. Also evacuation and evacuation organizations of various levels work in this area. Planning is carried out vertically: republic - region - city, district - enterprise.
To select the order and sequence of dispersal of evacuation, activities are carried out in advance. The population is calculated for the following groups:
- workers and employees of organizations that work during the war period, ensure the livelihoods of the village;
- workers and employees transferring wartime work to a safe territory;
- university students, colleges, professors, teachers, attendants, students of boarding schools, pupils of orphanages, retirees, unemployed, commercial workers.
All types of evacuation are carried out taking into account these population groups. This is necessary for organized movement to a territory safe for people.
Sequence of population removal
All types of evacuation involve an urgent movement of the population to a safe area. By transport are exported:
- medical organizations;
- people who do not have the ability to walk (pregnant, children under 14 years old, sick, elderly);
- workers and employees of free shifts who continue to work during the war period;
- employees of government agencies.
The remaining population is displayed in the second place. Workers in economic sectors who work in categorized cities during their evacuation remain in their places and prepare for shelter.
Security
During the planning, preparation, implementation of the evacuation, it is necessary to choose the following:
- intelligence service;
- transport;
- medical facilities;
- material and technical equipment;
- policing.
Dispersal rules
All types and methods of evacuation involve the implementation of dispersal. This event helps to organize organized removal from categorized cities and accommodation in the countryside for living.
The employees are dispersed:
- specialized economic facilities for the performance of work that do not have production bases for the continuation of work;
- institutions that support the activities of categorized cities.
Personnel are placed near categorized cities near railway, automobile, water stations. These territories are equipped with anti-radiation and elementary shelters.
Principles of Engineering Protection
The main types of evacuation involve the implementation of many activities. Among them are engineering protection. It is carried out on the basis of hazard assessment, taking into account categories of the population, engineering and geodetic, geological research, principles of using the area. The main engineering protection measures include:
- sheltering the population in equipped protective structures;
- application for housing of public, industrial premises equipped with safety rules;
- the use of pressurized buildings located near radiation and chemical objects;
- sheltering people in rooms where self-sealing was performed;
- protection against spills of emergency chemicals;
- creation of engineering structures to protect the public from adverse events.
Shelter protection
The most effective means of protection is shelter in reliable civil defense structures. These structures are divided into shelters and radiation protection structures.
Shelters are divided by capacity, location, the availability of filtering and ventilation equipment, and the time of creation. With the help of these facilities, the population is protected from nuclear explosions, shock waves, toxic components, and bacteriological agents. Shelters are created in areas that cannot be flooded. They have inputs and outputs, and in the event of a blockage emergency exits are used.
Anti- radiation shelters are used to protect against radiation. They are erected in a peaceful period, and some of them are created when the likelihood of armed conflict. Usually they are equipped in basements, basements, cellars. Thanks to these facilities, the population is protected from radioactive radiation, from accidents at chemical plants, from natural disasters. The protection structures include the simplest shelters.
Specialists advise everyone to prepare for the evacuation, as it can occur suddenly. To do this, you need to prepare documents, money, values, so that they are always in a prominent place.
In areas where there is a probability of evacuation, the necessary things are stored in a backpack. Such an event will require products for 2-3 days. Personal protective equipment is required, which should always be in a conspicuous place. These rules will allow you to be prepared for evacuation in any situation.