For all categories of workers, mandatory periodic medical examinations are established during employment, as well as after certain periods of time. For some employees, it is enough to undergo a minimum of doctors, for others - to take a lot of tests and get access to work with several specialists. It depends on the presence of harmful and dangerous production factors in the professions. Periodic health checks of employees help to identify the impact of negative factors and timely prevent occupational diseases.
Regulations
Regulation of labor issues in the field of hazardous and harmful factors in the workplace and calculation of their payment is carried out by the following legislative acts:
- The Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Articles 69, 213, 212, 328 and 266 establish the obligation of certain categories of employees to undergo periodic medical examinations if their activities are associated with exposure to harmful or dangerous external factors.
- Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development 302n, which approved the list of dangerous and harmful factors and various labor activities, during which preliminary and periodic medical examinations are mandatory. Also, this document determines the procedure for conducting preliminary as well as periodic inspections of the health status of employees. In addition, the Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development 302n contains a specific list of external factors harmful to health by type.
- Industry documents that are developed in the areas of activity of organizations to regulate the conduct of health checks of employed citizens at their workplaces.
The essence of dangerous or harmful factors at work
Harmful and dangerous production factors by profession represent the elements and conditions of the working environment, characterized by an increased degree of risk and severe stress on the mental or physical health of the employee.
The level of influence of external influences is defined as increased in comparison with other types of labor or other activities. If the organization's assessment of hazardous and harmful factors is characterized as exceeding the standards, the working environment at the enterprise is assigned a characteristic of harmful. If the established boundaries of the negative impact are too high, the status of dangerous factors is assigned to external factors.
The list of harmful and dangerous production factors by profession is very extensive and depends on the area in which these or other external negative influences are considered. By areas of influence, harmful and dangerous factors are divided into physical, biological, chemical and psychophysiological.
Physical factors
The list of harmful factors that adversely affect the physical health of employees includes the following elements:
- Vibration.
- Noise.
- The insufficient degree of illumination of the room and workplace.
- Radiation.
- High humidity.
- Exposure to low or high temperatures.
Some of these factors can be together, some individually. Most often, these types of external negative influences are found in the manufacturing sector.
Biological factors
This group of negative external influences is rare, as it is associated with areas in which workers directly contact with plants or animals, as well as with dangerous or harmful microorganisms (for example, zoologists).
When it comes to living things, the employee may be faced with a carrier of any disease or infection. If contact occurs with dangerous microorganisms, the following harmful elements may have an effect:
- viruses;
- mushrooms;
- bacteria.
Chemical factors
Negative external influences may be associated with potential or direct contact with hazardous or harmful substances. In such cases, a threat to health or life may occur if it comes in contact with the skin or by inhalation of vapors.
Chemically hazardous and harmful factors include the following:
- caustic substances;
- oil refining industry products;
- fertilizers;
- combustion products;
- dyes.
This list can be supplemented with a large number of other elements. The indicated group contains the most basic types. Most often, these types of external negative influences are found in the industrial sphere.
Psychophysiological factors
The largest group in the classification of dangerous and harmful factors includes negative external psychophysiological effects. They can have a negative effect on the health of the employee and his mental (emotional) state.
This group includes the following factors:
- Increased stress on the senses (hearing, vision, smell).
- Hard physical labor.
- Mental or psychological overstrain.
- The monotony of work.
- Emotional stressful overload.
- High degree of labor intensity.
Many of these factors are present to varying degrees in almost any branch of human activity. Most often, these types of external negative influences are found in the field of constant contact with people.
Inactive areas of work
One of the areas in which there are dangerous and harmful production factors by profession is accountancy. Since the labor activity of employees in this field is associated with constant work on a personal computer, negative external influences are considered common to all people whose activities are related to electronics.
The group of dangerous and harmful factors includes the following elements:
- increased contrast and brightness of the screen (when exceeding the norms);
- high surface temperature of the computer;
- strong eye strain;
- insufficient degree of illumination from natural or artificial light sources;
- monotony of work;
- neuro-emotional stress;
- high level of static electricity.
With the constant influence of these negative external influences, general overwork of the body and the development of certain occupational diseases can be established.
People working as a welder are exposed to the following external negative factors:
- exposure to loud noise;
- ingress of welding-type aerosols into the respiratory tract;
- high degree of brightness of the welding arc;
- strong gas contamination and a large amount of dust;
- elevated temperatures when using welding equipment.
The profession of a waiter, in addition to the obvious harmful factor in the form of constant standing on his feet, includes other external negative factors:
- High volume and general noise in the room.
- Increased physical loads.
- Low illumination of the labor zone.
- High degree of emotional stress.
The last element of the overall negative impact is mainly related to the need for constant contact with people.
The profession of a veterinarian is associated with a direct contract with animals, therefore external negative factors are biological. The following elements belong to the group of negative effects:
- exceeding the established maximum concentration standards of various microorganisms classified as producers;
- assignment of detected microorganisms to a pathogenic group;
- exposure to various substances of a chemical type (allergens, carcinogens and other substances used by the veterinarian in the work).
Depending on the factors that took place in a given situation during the performance of labor activities, veterinarians may be prescribed medical examinations at various intervals.
Workers driving vehicles and various mechanisms
The driver’s profession belongs to the group of the most harmful and dangerous. The degree of danger increases if the regime of work and rest is violated, as well as if transportation is associated with long-distance trips.
The following factors have a negative external impact on vehicle drivers:
- Vibration as occupational hazard.
- Noise.
- Low level of illumination of the workplace.
- Exposure to gasoline vapors.
- Increased dust and gas contamination.
- High or low humidity.
- High degree of fire hazard.
- Burn external exposure to certain parts of the vehicle.
This list does not include possible accidents, since they do not belong to any of the indicated groups of factors. With the systematic influence of these factors, drivers often develop certain occupational diseases.
The work of an electric train driver suggests the following external negative factors:
- vibration of local or general type;
- the movement of the rolling stock itself;
- increased degree of noise;
- insufficient degree of illumination from natural or artificial light sources;
- increased or decreased degree of humidity;
- the presence of electromagnetic radiation;
- large gas contamination.
Particularly dangerous professions
In different working conditions, hazardous and harmful production factors affect in different ways. some of the groups of professions are especially dangerous because of the very description of the job.
The profession of firefighters is one of the most risky, as it is associated with fire by other dangerous elements. The following external negative factors have a negative impact on these employees:
- High level of psycho-emotional stress and stress.
- Exposure to very high temperature.
- Contact with various harmful elements and substances: oxide, carbon, aldehydes, cyanide compounds, etc.
- Thermal radiation.
You can protect yourself from the influence of some of these factors. For this, firefighters must use personal protective equipment - gas masks in labor activity.
Industrial climbers are another extremely dangerous profession. This is due to the fact that the work of employees is carried out in conditions that are very different from normal, at altitude.
The work of these individuals is characterized by the influence of the following external negative factors:
- emotional overstrain;
- increased physical exertion;
- the impact of special equipment used in the work;
- the influence of various atmospheric phenomena (pressure, low or high temperature, high degree of humidity).
In addition to these harmful factors, industrial climbers are susceptible to external negative influences such as breakdowns of unreliable structures, the risk of breakage of safety equipment and falling in height, as well as various objects falling from above on the worker.
The roofer profession is associated with construction and repair work. In this regard, such employees are subject to the influence of the following external negative factors:
- High ambient temperature.
- Strong manufacturing noise.
- Exposure to various substances of chemical origin (gasoline, kerosene, oil, petroleum-type resins, mineral oils).
- Local vibration.
- High physical activity.
The establishment of each of these factors is carried out by attesting the workplaces of employees.
The mountain master is the next of the dangerous types of professions. It belongs to the mining industry. The work of these individuals is characterized by the influence of the following external negative factors:
- high degree of industrial noise;
- activity at low air temperature;
- high degree of dust;
- increased physical loads.
Types of health examinations organized by the employer
When conducting medical examinations, employees of health facilities check the health of employees. Particular attention is paid to workers in the field that is associated with the constant exposure to dangerous or harmful factors.
Depending on the goals of the organization, the legislation distinguishes two types of medical examinations:
- To determine the suitability of an employee to perform certain types of work, as well as to prevent the occurrence and development of occupational diseases.
- To ensure the safety and health of civilians.
Both of these types of medical examinations are divided into three subspecies:
- Preliminary (carried out before the employee is officially employed in the organization). It is carried out by future employees in their free time and at their own expense.
- Periodic (carried out during the period of labor activity on the initiative of the employer and within the time specified by regulatory legal acts).
- Extraordinary (carried out in cases where there are medical recommendations or based on the request of an employee). An example of such a medical examination is the bite of an animal that was brought in by a veterinarian.
According to the provisions of the law, the payment of medical examinations must be carried out by the employer, since it bears responsibility for the health and life of employees subordinate to him. The exception is the preliminary commission. Since at the time of employment a citizen is not yet an employee of the organization, he does not have an employer who must provide and pay for him to undergo a medical examination.
Passing a medical examination is for the employee a guarantee of almost one hundred percent detection of an occupational disease (if any), which will help to cure him in a timely and successful manner.
There are no absolutely safe working conditions, therefore, each profession is in one way or another connected with the influence of at least one external negative factor.