What tumor markers to pass for prevention? Values ​​of tumor markers

Oncomarkers are specific components that appear in the blood, and sometimes in the urine of cancer patients as a result of the activity of cancer cells. All of them are quite diverse in structure, but often are proteins and their derivatives. It is important to know that tumor markers can be found in the blood in some diseases and conditions that are not related to oncology. This is described in detail in our article.

What does a blood test for tumor markers indicate?

An increased level of indicators may indicate a long pathological process. These results help in monitoring and diagnosing cancer. If a person knows which tumor markers to pass for prevention, then if a positive result is detected, it is possible to diagnose the presence of a tumor in the early stages. Then the treatment of the disease will be much more effective.

Oncomarkers are molecules that constantly circulate in the blood. Most often, their presence indicates the presence of an oncological disease. But their increased content does not always indicate that a person has developed cancer. Oncomarkers can talk about inflammatory processes in the body that occur in the liver, kidneys, pancreas and other organs. Also, these protein structures are found in some emotional states of the patient. Nevertheless, if the test for tumor markers is positive, this is always an occasion for additional examination.

Analysis preparation

It is required to clarify that this procedure must be taken very seriously. If the patient does not adhere to the rules, then the result may turn out to be erroneous, and the analysis will have to be retaken. Therefore, doctors advise you to follow these recommendations so that the results of tumor markers are correct:

1. A week before the expected date of testing, it is advisable to remove chips, crackers, purchased juices, sweet soda, as well as smoked fish and sausages from the diet. All of the above products contain dyes, stabilizers and artificial flavor enhancers. If they are in the blood in large quantities, they can provoke an incorrect result.
2. Until the moment of analysis, it is required to normalize your psycho-emotional state. If the patient is under stress, some hormones are secreted. They also affect the appearance of protein structures in the blood. Therefore, before starting the blood sampling, you need to rest well and not be nervous.
3. To obtain the correct results of tumor markers, it is necessary to temporarily exclude smoking and alcohol.
4. Three days before the appointed date, you must refuse to take any pharmaceuticals, herbal teas, infusions and decoctions.
5. It is required to take tests from 8-00 to 12-00. The procedure is carried out necessarily on an empty stomach. You can drink only a glass of water without gas and additives.

What tumor markers to hand over to a woman?

For the prevention and detection of diseases, only specific indicators are used that can make it possible to identify oncology. You need to know that all tumor markers are extremely sensitive to any inflammatory processes. Therefore, if at least one focal point of infection is present in the body, then tests can show the presence of cancer cells. For the result to be correct, initially it is required to undergo a stationary examination and completely eliminate chronic ailments.

Main tumor markers:

• "CA-15-3 and ISA" - are designed to detect malignant tumors in the chest. Also, using these indicators, the absence or presence of metastases is determined.
• Decryption of the tumor marker "CA-125" indicates the presence or absence of ovarian cancer. Also, this protein structure in high amounts happens during pregnancy. Therefore, if the "CA-125" is positive, then additional examinations are carried out.
• "CA-72-4" - this type is used in cases where there is a suspicion of ovarian cancer, when you need to be completely sure that the treatment is carried out correctly, and also to confirm the gradual destruction of malignant cells.
• HCG in women helps diagnose uterine cancer. Thanks to the test, pathological deviations can be detected in the early stages. In addition, a similar analysis is used to re-diagnose an ailment on the tissues of the uterus after surgery.

What tumor markers to pass for prevention to a man?

All of the following tests (provided they are passed correctly) help to detect the presence of malignant cells several months before they are detected by standard diagnostic methods.

Main tumor markers:

1. "AFP" - makes it possible to determine the presence of pathological changes in the male testicles.
2. PSA is a male tumor marker used to detect prostate cancer. It is also used to diagnose chronic inflammation of this area of ​​the body, which helps to provide timely treatment.

When these indicators significantly increase - this is the first sign of the presence of oncology.

Thyroid cancer

As already mentioned, the tumor marker is a protein secreted by cancerous and some healthy cells. It is found in both urine and blood.
With thyroid cancer, they donate blood to the following tumor markers:

1. "Calcitonin" - may be in the blood or urine of the patient. Used in the diagnosis of modular cancer. Its concentration depends on the formation and period of the pathological process.
2. "Thyroglobulin" is a protein that collects in the follicles of the thyroid gland. It is the main marker in the diagnosis of relapse of malignant tumors.
3. "CEA" (cancer-embryonic antigen) - with a thyroid disease, the tumor marker increases. It is determined only in blood serum.

Suspected intestinal cancer tests

All tumor markers known today can be divided into two groups:

• Specific. They indicate that the oncological process is definitely present in the body, and help determine its type.
• Nonspecific - show the possible presence of an oncological process, but may also indicate that the body has inflammation of an organ in the absence of oncology.

Specific ones include:

1. "CEA" is an oncomarker used to diagnose problems of the colon and parts of the rectum. If it is available in the analysis, we can assume further dynamics of the tumor, obtain the necessary information about the parameters of the malignant neoplasm and establish the growth period.
2. "CA 242" indicates the pathology of the large intestine, pancreas and rectum at a fairly early stage. According to the results of this examination, tumor formation can be predicted in 3-5 months.
3. "CA 72-4" is a tumor marker, the name of which is known to many laboratory assistants. He surrenders with the "REA". If antibodies are present, then this indicates damage to lung and colon cells during the formation of small cell cancer.
4. "M2-RK" this marker displays metabolic processes in cancer cells. Its main feature is the lack of specificity in the examination of organs, therefore it is called the "marker of choice." The test is used as a special metabolic indicator, since this tumor marker for intestinal cancer indicates a disease in the first stages.

Non-specific include:

• "AFP" (alpha-fetoprotein) - demonstrates the presence of neoplasms in the sigmoid and rectum.
• "CA 19-9" - (carbohydrate antigen) reveals a pathology that is found in the pancreas, esophagus, gall bladder and ducts of the large intestine.
• The interpretation of the oncomarker “CA 125” in this case states the presence of an oncological process in the sigmoid colon. It should be noted that this marker is more often used for female ailments. It is often found with inflammation in the peritoneum, in the presence of ovarian cysts, during menstruation.
• "CYFRA 21–1" - an increased amount of this protein indicates problems in the rectum.
• “SCC” is an indicator indicating a cancer of the rectal canal.
• "LASA-P" - the presence of an increased number of this marker notifies a malignant neoplasm in the intestinal organs.

Oncomarkers for prevention

Everyone knows that preventing cancer is much more important than treating an ongoing illness. Tests for tumor markers help diagnose cancer before the onset of characteristic symptoms. Most often, indicators begin to increase six months before the onset of metastasis. Men over forty years old must definitely monitor their health and donate blood to the "PSA", as this analysis helps to identify cancer in the prostate gland. Slightly increased values ​​of "CA-125" may be a sign of a benign tumor, and results that are 4-6 times more than normal indicate a malignant formation.

What tumor markers to pass for prevention? Here is a list of them:

• In case of gastrointestinal problems, a blood test is performed on “CA 15-3”. Persons whose age is more than 50 years old are at risk for this type of pathological formation.
• "Thyroglobulin" is a thyroid cancer marker for detecting pathology in it. A large accumulation of this protein may indicate the development of metastases, as well as the presence of thyroid antibodies in the blood. The level of calcitonin indicates the size and swiftness of the development of pathology.
• To diagnose problems in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, the AFP tumor marker is used, which in half of the patients increases 3 months before the onset of the initial symptoms of the pathology. For further confirmation of the diagnosis, it is required to take tests for the proteins CA 15–3, CA 19–9, CA 242, and CA 72–4.
• To check the lungs for malignancy, an “NSE” is given. This indicator may be present in nerve cells and in the brain. If elevated values ​​are recorded, that the person is ill with cancer.
• What tumor markers to pass for prophylaxis for pancreatic cancer, many should know, since this is a very common disease. Doctors often prescribe tests for CA 19-9 and CA 242. If you determine only the last indicator, then you can make a mistake in the diagnosis, since "CA 242" may increase due to cysts, pancreatitis or other formations. Therefore, an analysis is added to the diagnostics on “CA 19–9”.
• For the study of kidneys there is a metabolic test "M2-RK." This indicator helps determine how aggressive the tumor is. It differs from others in that it has an accumulation effect. An increase in this indicator may indicate oncology of the gastrointestinal tract and breast.
• When diagnosing the bladder, it is recommended to pass "UBC". It can show the presence of oncology in the early stages in 70% of cases. To confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis, you must additionally pass "NMP22".
• In the lymph nodes, cancers contribute to an increase in 2-microglobulin. The amount of this antigen tends to increase significantly with pathological formations occurring in all organs. Therefore, the indicator can determine the stage of oncology.
• To confirm a brain disease, it is required to pass 4 tumor markers in the complex. "AFP" - indicates the presence of neoplasm. "PSA" - may indicate a mutation of tissue cells in the brain. "CA 15-3" - is used to diagnose brain metastases. “Cyfra 21–2” indicates small cell cancer of the central nervous system.
• For oncology of the skin, tumor markers “TA-90” and “S-90” are used. If in the blood test they exceed the norm, this is evidence of the presence of metastases. This analysis can give more extensive information only in combination with other markers.
• When examining bone tissue for cancer, the TRAP 5b marker provides the most complete picture. This is an enzyme that may be present in the body in different quantities. It is found in both women and men. To decrypt the analysis, a specialist laboratory assistant is needed.
• To detect throat cancer , two markers are required - SCC and CYFRA 21–1. The first is an ordinary antigen, and the second is a special protein compound, which manifests itself in terms of much higher than normal. If there is a likelihood of diagnosing throat cancer, then “SCC” exceeds 60%. But this data can also occur with other ailments.
• To determine the oncology of the adrenal glands, you need to look at the presence of many tumor markers that are in the blood and urine. Most often, doctors prescribe a blood test for DEA-s. Additional tests may be prescribed for the main examination.
• When diagnosing female oncology, you need to know what 125 tumor markers show. It was reported above that it indicates the existence of malignant cells in the female ovaries. Also, this protein is present in healthy women, but in very small quantities.
• If there is a suspicion of breast cancer, the doctor prescribes the delivery of tumor markers "MCA" and "CA 15-3." The first indicator is an antigen that allows you to diagnose benign and malignant diseases that are in the chest.
• By the S 100 tumor marker, all cellular and extracellular reactions can be monitored. It also helps detect skin cancer. The increased results of this test provide information that there is melanoma or other pathological processes in the body.

Decoding of tumor markers

The patient himself does not need to delve into the decoding of test values. However, if you need to go to the doctor the next day, and it is interesting to get the information right away, then you can use the table of tumor markers. It is given below.

Marker	Upper limit of normal	Diagnostics	Combination	Monitoring
CA-125	the norm of the tumor marker CA in women and men should not exceed 35 IU / ml	used for ovarian cancer research	SCC, HE4	+
SA-15-3	value should not exceed 30 PIECES / ml	shows breast cancer	REA	+
CA-19-9	the norm is considered to be up to 10 PIECES / ml	AFP and gastrointestinal cancer	REA (m) AFP (d)	Only in combination with CEA
SA-242	should not exceed 30 IU / ml	readings are the same as those of CA-19-9	-	exclusively paired with SA-19-9
CA-72-4	-	manifested in cancer of the ovaries, mammary glands and gastrointestinal carcinomas	CA-125, SCC, CEA (m)	+
AFP	the indicator has a value of up to 10 IU / ml (if at this moment pregnancy occurs, then the data can show up to 250 IU / ml)	indicates teratoma, testicular cancer and liver metastases	HCG	+
HE4	from 70 Pmol / l - 140 Pmol / l after menopause	shows ovarian cancer in its early stages	-	+
SCC	2.5 ng / l	indicates the presence of squamous cell carcinoma of any location	+	CA-125, CA-72-4HE4,
PSA	up to 40 years old - 2.5 ng / ml, for people over 50 years old - 4 ng / ml	used to diagnose prostate cancer	PSA free	+
REA	up to 4 ng / ml (pregnant women are not included in this group)	shows cancer of the uterus, ovary, lungs and mammary glands	HE4, CA-15-3, SCC, CA-125	+

Only the laboratory doctor and oncologist who monitors the patient and the course of treatment are fully deciphering the values ​​of tumor markers.

Service cost

If the patient is tested for oncology in a municipal hospital, then they can be paid by the state (if the patient has a policy). That is, for the patient will cost free.

In private clinics, such tests cost from 500 rubles per one.

Where can I get tumor markers?

To undergo such analyzes, it is better to choose specialized clinics. Therefore, it is advisable to consider medical facilities that have the necessary equipment and specialists with qualifications who are able to correctly decipher the results of the analyzes.

In this case, the patient will be able to make the correct diagnosis the first time, and he will not have to spend personal time on additional studies. You can take tests in ordinary municipal clinics. But practice shows that patients after these examinations go to specialized institutions for retake.

Necessary time for analysis

It is impossible to clearly formulate the duration of waiting for the result, since this directly depends on the level of the clinic and on its workload. If high-quality equipment is used, then the results can be obtained in a day. In municipal clinics, the same procedure is delayed for several days, and sometimes even weeks.