Fires cause huge damage. In many cases, they are accompanied not only by the destruction of buildings, equipment, utilities, but also by the death of people. In this regard, fire safety has become relevant today . At the government level, regulatory acts have been adopted that regulate this area. Next, we consider in more detail what the fire safety of the premises is, as well as what protective measures must be taken to prevent and eliminate fires.
General information
The purpose of fire protection is the search for the most effective, economically feasible and technically sound means and methods of preventing fires and eliminating them. The main task is to minimize damage with the most rational use of forces and methods of extinguishing. Fire safety is the condition of an object in which the probability of ignition is primarily eliminated. In the event of its occurrence, the necessary measures are provided for in the framework of protection. The main goal that fire safety pursues is to eliminate the negative impact of hazardous fire factors on people, material assets and structures.
Normative base
The main legal act regulating the procedure in accordance with which fire safety is established is Federal Law No. 69. The legal regulation in this area is the adoption by the authorized bodies of the relevant documents, the action of which is aimed at managing public relations regarding the provision of protection. The development of normative acts by executive bodies is carried out in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. The subjects of the country have the right to create and approve, within their competence, documents whose provisions are aimed at ensuring and strengthening the protection of objects from fires. Any fire safety order or order must comply with general federal requirements.
Development and adoption of measures
The Fire Safety Act sets out certain requirements for protective measures. The development of measures is carried out in accordance with the regulatory framework in force in the country, as well as on the basis of experience in dealing with the consequences of fires, assessing the condition of materials, substances, products, processes, structures, buildings and structures. The Law "On Fire Safety" requires suppliers (manufacturers) to maintain appropriate technical documentation for the products. In addition to the description, it should contain instructions for use. The technical characteristics of the products must indicate the fire safety class of the product. This is necessary to select the method of processing and transportation of products.
The competent authorities, when developing fire safety systems for facilities, should provide solutions by which people will be evacuated. This task should be implemented at the design stage. For all enterprises and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, a fire safety plan should be developed. It, among other things, should include measures to ensure the protection of personnel and the population of nearby territories. Fire safety systems must be approved by state and local authorities.
Providing fire protection at the enterprise
Fire safety is one of the main characteristics of the facility. Based on it, the level of protection is assessed, as well as the effectiveness of the measures envisaged. To ensure protection, the territory of the enterprise, base, warehouse should be kept clean. After completion of work, the area should be cleaned of combustible garbage, waste, packaging and other material that could create a fire hazard. It must be systematically disposed of, taken to specially designated places.
The fire safety plan should provide free access to all structures, buildings, structural elements. Access and access to water sources should always be open. On the territory of the enterprise at night, lighting should work. It is forbidden to make bonfires, burn waste, packaging materials and containers within the enterprise. Administrative, warehouse, industrial, commercial and other premises must be provided with primary extinguishing means in accordance with existing standards. It is forbidden to smoke in the warehouse and retail premises. For this, special places must be provided. Protection devices for door and technological openings in the floors and internal walls must be in working condition.
When crossing fire barriers with different communications, combustion products should not penetrate into the gaps between building structures. External stairs and fences on the roofs of structures must be in good condition. Storage of the cleaning material is carried out in special metal boxes with lockable lids. After performing the necessary work, the container should be freed from rags. The overalls of employees using paints, varnishes, oils must be kept in metal cabinets, which must be installed in special places. Local regulatory acts should establish the procedure in accordance with which a fire safety audit is carried out.
Categories of objects
According to SNiP, production is divided into 6 groups according to explosive, explosive and fire hazard:
- A - enterprises using combustible gases, the lower level of ignition of which is up to 10%. Moreover, such substances can form explosive compounds in a volume of more than 5% of the volume of the room. Category A also includes enterprises where gases and liquids are used, which, when interacting with oxygen, water or with each other, burn and explode.
- B - production using gases with a lower ignition level of more than 10%. This category also includes enterprises where combustible fibers and dust are located with a lower concentration limit of ignition of 65 G / m 3 or less.
- In - production, where flammable liquids with a flash point of more than 610 degrees are used. This category includes enterprises using solid materials that can burn without exploding in contact with water, air or with each other.
- G - production, where non-combustible materials and compounds are used in the molten, hot or hot state, as well as gases, solids and liquids acting as fuel.
- D - enterprises that process non-combustible substances and raw materials in the cold state.
- E - production, where explosive substances are used in an amount of more than 5% of the volume of the room and where, in accordance with the process conditions, only an explosion without burning can occur. This category also includes enterprises that use compounds that can explode when interacting with oxygen, water or with each other.
Zone Categories
In accordance with the PUE, which regulates the installation of electrical equipment on industrial sites and in outdoor installations, the main criterion is the fire safety class. To date, several categories of zones have been adopted. In particular, they distinguish:
- Class B. This category includes areas on which explosive compounds of gases and vapors may form with air under normal operating conditions.
- Class B-1a. Explosive compounds are not formed in such areas under normal operating conditions, but this is possible in the event of malfunction and accidents.
- Fire safety class V-1b. It includes areas where combustible vapors and gases with a high lower level of ignition and a pungent odor are located, as well as industries in which explosive compounds can form, the volume of which is more than 5% of the volume of the workshop.
- Class B-1c. It includes outdoor installations where explosive liquids, vapors and gases are located.
- Class B-2. In areas of this category, the processing of flammable fibers and dust capable of forming explosive compounds under normal operating conditions.
- Class B-2a. This includes areas in which combustible fibers and dust can form explosive compounds in the event of a malfunction or accident.
- Class P-1. This category includes industries that contain flammable liquids.
- Class P-2. At the plants there are combustible dusts, the lower concentration limit of which is more than 65 G / m3.
- Class P-2a. This category includes industries in which there are combustible substances in the solid state that are not able to go into suspension.
- Class P-3. This category includes installations that contain flammable liquid and solid compounds.
New Year holidays fire safety
The halls in which public events are held should be no higher than the second floor and have 2 exits. According to the rules in accordance with which fire safety in a garden, school, other institution should be provided, extinguishing means must be placed in accessible places. The tree should be installed on a stable stand. It is placed away from heating appliances and exits. Branches should not touch curtains, curtains or other flammable materials.
The procedure in accordance with which fire safety is provided in a preschool educational institution, school and other children's institutions, allows the use of factory-made electric garlands for decoration. All suits, cotton wool, gauze toys must be treated with a flame retardant. For its manufacture, 150 g of soda and 50 g of starch are taken and dissolved in warm water (1 l). Items of clothing and toys are soaked in it for 10 minutes, then dried.
The procedure in accordance with which fire safety is provided in a preschool educational institution, school and other children's institutions prohibits the use of combustible materials for the manufacture of Christmas decorations. The use of fireworks, sparklers, candles, firecrackers during events is not allowed. A special threat is represented by long-standing, dry Christmas trees, which are made of synthetic material. When burned, they secrete toxic compounds harmful to health.
Fire safety on New Year's holidays is provided by the responsible persons of the institution. The event should be attended by attendants from the administration. The main responsibility lies with the director of the institution. Before carrying out activities, a fire safety check should be carried out.
MBOP
To ensure the protection of property, health and life of people in institutions, enterprises and surrounding areas, it is necessary to develop a fire safety plan. The document is subject to state examination. The complete set is checked, including diagrams, drawings, other papers. When drawing up a fire safety plan, it is advisable to seek the help of competent specialists. When developing, it is necessary to take into account the structural features of the building and the procedure for its operation. MOBP consists of text and graphic parts. Let's consider them in more detail.
Text block
It contains:
- Calculation of risk and safety measures.
- A list and description of the places where the protective equipment is placed, recommendations for its use and features of communication with all structural elements of the building.
- Object security category.
- Description of water supply devices outside the structure and indication of ways for the entrance of equipment.
- Indication of the exact distance between sections, external objects, at which proper safety is ensured.
- Measures to create the necessary conditions for the elimination of ignition.
- Decisions to protect people from fire.
- A list of rooms, facilities and equipment to which an automatic alarm is connected and which must be protected by extinguishing means.
The grafical part
It contains:
- Fire protection scheme.
- A plot of the plot with certain access roads for equipment and roads for leaving the territory.
- Evacuation plan.
Features of the compilation
The plan is formed in stages. The drafting process must be controlled by an authorized person. As a rule, it is a fire inspector. In accordance with GOST, which regulates the development of the plan, the graphic part should be compiled as clear and simple as possible, since it is a visual aid. It should take into account even minor architectural nuances, features of ventilation systems, the passage of air flow, possible smoke zones. It is necessary to take into account any factors that can affect the course of evacuation of people from the building. With particular care, the issue of mass congestion in narrow areas should be addressed. These include, in particular, stairs, corridors, doorways. Density in these places should not exceed 9 people per square meter.
Security system
The purpose of its creation is, above all, the prevention of fire. Along with this, the protection of people and property during ignition must be ensured. The following components are included in the fire safety system:
- A set of organizational and technical measures.
- Fire Prevention Measures.
- Fire protection system.
Measures to prevent ignition are a special complex, eliminating the likelihood of exceeding acceptable risk values. Limit indicators are set in accordance with the above Law "On Fire Safety". A set of measures is aimed at preventing threats and causing damage as a result of fire. An exception to the probability of a fire hazard is achieved by preventing the formation of a combustible medium or the formation of sources of ignition in an enterprise, institution, organization.
The purpose of the protection complex is to provide the proper conditions to prevent or limit adverse effects. This task is achieved by reducing the dynamics of the growth of hazardous factors, evacuation measures and extinguishing. The fire protection system must be resistant to the negative effects of fire during the period necessary to eliminate the emergency. In accordance with this, the equipment with which the notification, detection and management of evacuation is carried out, must work in uninterrupted mode. At the same time, alarm systems must be automatic.
Finally
Today, the country has quite stringent requirements for ensuring fire safety at enterprises and institutions. The established rules allow the proper protection of property and people. Violation of fire safety can lead to serious and sometimes irreversible consequences. In this regard, the responsibility of officials, inspectors, and managers for the improper implementation of regulations has been tightened.