The level of injuries from an accident at the place of work, as well as during the performance of official duties outside the enterprise or its structural unit (despite all the preventive measures to eliminate industrial injuries) is still quite high. Often, such emergencies are fatal. According to statistics, half of the accidents are due to the victims' own negligence.
In Russian, at random
Neglect of basic safety rules, unjustified bravado before colleagues and the belief that misfortune can happen to anyone, but not to him, often lead to disastrous results. Therefore, the human factor is in our country the main cause of work-related injuries.
If an emergency occurs at an enterprise where complex technological processes are used in the implementation of its main activity, then we can talk about neglecting them, as a result of which an accident was recorded. Intentional or unforeseen, when not all employees are sufficiently notified about the technology change, the violation will be revealed during the investigation, but in fact it was the human factor that led to it. Such incidents are mainly found in enterprises in hazardous industries: chemical, oil and gas, nuclear, coal mining and the like.
Sometimes employees overestimate their strengths and do not allow the body to relax sufficiently after an intense shift. Some have several side jobs, which also negatively affects their health. Physical fatigue, and from it - inattention, distraction, impaired coordination of movements ultimately become the causes of work-related injuries. Fatigue may include:
- fainting or loss of consciousness, followed by falling from a height or onto objects with sharp edges;
- hallucinations that distort real reality and cause a series of actions that are inconsistent with the production process;
- numbness of the limbs, as a result of which it is not always possible to perform one or another function, for example, stop the engine, switch the toggle switch, press the button and the like.
Overestimating their strength, many do not even realize what the fatigue of the body and the failure of its basic functions in a certain working period can lead to. Not only guilty employees, but also their colleagues suffer.
Responsibility - on the shelves
Industrial injuries include any damage to the human body that they have received at the workplace. Burn, radiation, fracture, bruise, poisoning, scratch - this list of injuries and defects resulting from an accident has many points. This also includes occupational diseases. Chronic dust or toxic bronchitis, eczema, bronchial asthma, thrombophlebitis, papillomas, neuritis - only a small part of them, and the most harmless. On this list, the lion's share is occupied by cancer. In most cases, they are systematic and are a consequence of the specifics of production.
As for single accidents, as a result of the analysis of occupational injuries, three of their main groups were identified:
- quantitatively: one or more victims after an emergency;
- according to the degree of damage to health: mild, severe, fatal;
- in relation to the production process: directly at the workplace or away from it, but in the course of fulfilling their direct duties.
In case of injury to an employee of the enterprise, the investigation of the causes of what happened is in the competence of his management. But when an unpleasant incident occurs on the territory of a particular organization with a person who is not directly related to it, but who perform his duties on its territory, his employers already deal with him. An example of such an accident is the involvement of a third-party construction team to equip a recreation area at the plant. When unloading a brick, a team leader received a bruised hand. The investigation of this particular accident will be handled by the administration in which the victim works. But the punishment for her will fall on the culprit of the incident. If the reason is to establish the creation by the factory administration of unsatisfactory conditions for the work of invited builders - one responsibility. The victim himself is to blame - another. In order to prevent occupational injuries, the employer should ensure the appropriate working conditions for their employees, wherever and under what conditions they perform their duties.
Executive oversight and negligence
Often, accidents are caused not so much by the wrong actions of certain employees as their or someone else's official inaction. We are talking about the activities of workers whose competence is to ensure appropriate working conditions at the enterprise. And also about the leaders who pay little attention to the training of their subordinates to the rules and safety skills. Or inspectors of supervisory authorities who ignore the revealed violations during inspections to create a harmless environment at enterprises or organizations for the implementation of the production process.
So, the lack of proper ventilation in a dusty room, and for workers - respirators or other personal protective equipment can lead to various diseases of the respiratory tract (and not only). The consequence of the employer's inaction to ensure proper working conditions is work-related injuries of not one, but immediately a whole group of subordinates.
In large enterprises, and even united in concerns and holdings, with an active trade union organization, the incidents cited in the example with the warehouse cannot be encountered. To ensure safe working conditions for employees, entire structures have been created in them. They are responsible for the supervision not only of the rules for operating the equipment and the implementation of the full cycle of work in accordance with technological processes, but also the monitoring of compliance by employees with safety rules from the moment they cross the checkpoint at the enterprise until they leave it.
A whole system of sanctions is applied to violators - from fines in the form of deprivation of bonuses or part of salaries to dismissal. Such tough preventive measures to reduce occupational injuries are usually quite effective. Workers do not neglect personal protective equipment, thoroughly know all the production processes in accordance with their duties and responsibilities, comply with the internal rules, as punishment by the ruble is the most significant of the measures to influence violators.
Forewarned is forearmed
What else can reduce the level of injuries at the enterprise is an incentive. Often, various contests of the “best” are held between workshops, departments, brigades, other structural units during a certain time period. This may be a struggle for primacy between specialists of the same profession to achieve personal success in a particular activity. Or competitions aimed at reducing performance on violations of internal regulations and labor safety. Those whose employees during the set time were least likely to appear in acts of supervisory bodies win. As a rule, such contests are aimed at reducing occupational injuries. Their initiators can be both the administration of the enterprise and the trade union committee.
What else can reduce injuries? Briefings. Training employees in labor safety rules is the prerogative of both large and small enterprises. The first thing that a candidate for a particular position takes place when applying for a job is an introductory briefing. It is provided for by the requirements of GOST 12.0.004-90 and introduces the new employee to safety rules in the performance of their immediate duties, as well as the procedure for providing first aid to victims if an accident occurs in his presence with one of his colleagues. In addition to the introductory, there is a periodic, unscheduled, ongoing briefings. Each of them has its own dates and grounds for holding.
Naturally, training is not the only event aimed at reducing the number of accidents at the enterprise. Above were examples of the personal interest of each employee in improving these indicators through a system of incentives through competitions. They are also quite effective. But briefings are the most effective measures to prevent accident reduction. Occupational injuries can be avoided just by training employees in safe work skills.
Back - at the desk
So, the briefings. As already mentioned, each of them has its own goals and frequency of passage. Introductory, or primary - mandatory for all previously not employed or re-accepted to the enterprise or organization. For trainees, students, shift workers, regardless of the time they intend to spend at the new place of work (day or month), test coaching cannot be avoided. The same procedure is mandatory for full-time employees when transferring to another job at the same enterprise, another position or structural unit. In large enterprises associated with hazardous production, in order to prevent occupational injuries, introductory briefing is carried out with the general admission to the staff, and then again - directly at the workplace. This is due to the features of the technological process of the unit, raw materials and equipment used in its activities. Separately, employees are introduced to personal protective equipment used in carrying out certain operations.
After some time of work, all recently accepted team members pass a kind of test for knowledge, assimilation and use of safe working skills by them. They undergo repeated, or, as it is also called, periodic briefing. It consists of several tests, and each enterprise has its own specifics, but the theoretical and practical parts are mandatory. Often repeated briefing is accompanied by lecture digressions with examples of causes of industrial injuries at enterprises in the same industry. Conduct an analysis of similar accidents or having common cause-effect features. The attention of those gathered on the preventive measures given in the examples of the tragedies is separately emphasized.
The next type of briefing is unscheduled. Its frequency is not predicted in advance, as in the case of repeated. Unscheduled briefing is necessary after the modernization and reconstruction of existing or commissioning of new equipment, with changes in the process. Familiarization with the features of the activity in the changed working conditions can prevent work-related injuries. Unscheduled briefing is also carried out after an accident at an enterprise or organization.
And when one of the employees or a whole group of employees identifies one-time or systematic violations of the safety rules established at work, the perpetrators are subjected to a kind of re-examination. And forced to undergo ongoing training. It is also necessary for admission to one-time work, which is fraught with danger.
I would know where you fall ...
In addition to the main reason for all industrial accidents that occurred at different times in the country, which are referred to as the “human factor”, the remaining almost 50% are attributable to:
- malfunction or improper operation of equipment and machinery - about 20%;
- adverse environmental conditions, natural disasters - within 16%;
- violations in the application of the technological process - about 8%;
- other factors - from 6 to 8%.
The figures are approximate, since with each new accident based on it another analysis of occupational injuries is carried out, and they change.
Depending on the identified causes, enterprises in the same industry, a single concern, or a holding are holding a series of events aimed at preventing similar tragedies if systemic circumstances led to them. Workers undergo retraining, and then re-examination for admission to certain types of work. Their physical condition is also given enough attention.
Periodic passage of medical commissions is a prerequisite for all full-time employees of the enterprise, from cleaners of industrial premises to members of senior management. Of course, we are talking about large enterprises with a strong trade union movement, which pays special attention to eliminating such an unpleasant phenomenon as occupational injuries. Cases of the repetition of the same tragedies on them are extremely rare.
There is never much security
In addition to the trade union organization, in parallel with it, in the structure of large enterprises there is a department or department in charge of ensuring labor safety. In their competence is the development of all possible measures, which are then successfully used to prevent injuries in the units entrusted to them. Along with training workers in safety rules, testing skills and knowledge, applying a system of punishments and incentives, measures are being taken to improve the sanitary conditions of work and recreation for regular employees. Supervision over the operation of not only machinery and production equipment, but also all buildings and structures located on the territory of enterprises has been established. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the safety of technological processes. All of the above factors are on the list of the main causes of occupational injuries, and they receive maximum attention when planning preventive measures.
In addition to direct production activities, an important role for the trouble-free operation of the enterprise is taken by the care of each of its employees personally. This is the provision of staff with all necessary personal protective equipment, and the timely provision of the possibility of undergoing spa treatment. Workers at enterprises with harmful working conditions are provided with additional days for annual leave, during which they manage to fully relax and begin to work with new forces. A lot of attention is paid to creating a favorable psychological environment in the team.
The planning of certain events depends on the results obtained on the basis of the application of monographic, topographic and statistical methods of analysis of occupational injuries. Each of them has its own specifics for identifying adverse factors of the enterprise’s labor activity, but their combined application gives an excellent result in preventing injuries.
This happened
But if, despite all the measures taken, an accident still occurred, you must be able to act correctly depending on the prevailing conditions. This issue is also given a lot of attention in those organizations where they comprehensively take care of their employees. The main responsibility for providing timely assistance to victims lies with their immediate supervisor, but often cases of occupational injuries occur in the absence of guidance. It is important not to be confused by those nearby.
The first thing to do is to assess the condition of the victim, to make sure that there is the possibility of providing assistance on the spot. In some cases, before the doctors arrive, the most correct thing is to leave everything as it is, but if possible provide injured access to oxygen, stop the blood from the wound or otherwise help alleviate its suffering. In other words, to help with what is possible, but not to allow more negative consequences for it. , . .
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In case of group, serious or fatal accidents, an extension of the investigation period is allowed up to seven days. In these cases, several higher-level supervisory structures responsible for observing safety measures at a particular enterprise, depending on the specifics of its core business, should immediately be notified. This may be Gostekhnadzor, Energonadzor or another government agency. Separately, it is necessary to notify the prosecution authorities about the incident.
Check seven times
Depending on the current state of industrial injuries (increase or decrease in the number of accidents), various measures are being developed to eliminate injuries. The application of the measures prescribed in them undoubtedly bears fruit. They are especially effective in the systematic conduct of training, briefings, and inspections. Often their main points are developed after applying one or all three methods of analyzing the total number of accidents that have occurred: monographic, topographic and statistical. Conclusions based on them are communicated to each employee.
In equipped cabinets or equipped corners of safety equipment, posters, illustrations, diagrams are placed depending on the recommendations developed on the basis of a particular method. Occupational injuries can be avoided by following these tips. Often, enterprise management goes beyond the use of conventional information stands. Safety documentaries are shot, teaching videos on the basic techniques of trouble-free operation. Information stands are periodically updated depending on the relevance. You should not thoughtlessly pass by and ignore the recommendations indicated in them. It is important to remember that nobody will provide their own security better than themselves.