One of the basic human needs is a state of security and stability. And in the modern world there are many factors, events and threats that prevent people from feeling secure and stable.
That is why in a civilized society there are certain laws and rules in accordance with which the whole population lives. In the field of security, the most striking such concept and system of measures fixed at the legislative level is the definition of civil defense.
Based on this, all citizens of the state must understand what are the goals and objectives of civil defense, what is its essence.
The concept and essence of civil defense
Civil defense of the state (GO) is a specially developed system of actions and measures, expressed in protecting the population, cultural and material values of the country from the dangers arising as a result of military manipulations or emergencies. And also in the training and education of people in this field.
One of the functions of the state is to ensure the safety of the population. For its implementation, countries take various actions to maintain and organize civil defense.
The main tasks of civil defense are timely assistance, protection from enemy attacks, industrial or natural disasters and other large-scale dangers.
The management of modern civil defense at a general level is provided by the government and the president of the country. In the Russian Federation, in addition to the above authorities, the executive authorities in the regions of the country and in its municipalities are also involved in civil defense. Each of which has its own leaders.
Targets and goals
The following tasks of civil defense can be distinguished:
- training residents of localities in proper behavior during hostilities or natural disasters;
- warning people about the presence of danger or its possible occurrence;
- export of the population, cultural or material values to safe places;
- providing residents with the means necessary for personal protection, medicines and medical care;
- detection and implementation of all necessary measures to eliminate the infection by radiation, chemical or biological weapons of the territories;
- restoring order in the territories where hostilities were carried out or a natural disaster occurred, including the restoration of public utilities, their involvement in this process;
- carrying out disinfection procedures, sanitization of buildings, equipment, structures;
- fight against fires resulting from military or natural disasters;
- carrying out activities for all types of disguise;
- ensuring constant combat readiness of all available forces and means of the state;
- burial of corpses of people who became victims of war or emergency situations.
You can also highlight the following tasks in the field of civil defense, which must be performed by the state:
- carrying out a set of measures to strengthen the sustainability of economic facilities that contribute to improving the functioning of civil defense during emergencies;
- special education, training and retraining, if necessary, of the civil defense forces and civil defense managers;
- the construction of a fund of protective structures for public safety (for example, bomb shelters);
- control and coordination of the activities of organizations engaged in forecasting, prevention and elimination of the consequences of environmental and technological disasters;
- creation and maintenance in full readiness of all public warning systems, systems for detecting and monitoring the chemical, radiation and biological situation;
- Search for injured spaceships, aircraft, submarines and ships;
- training residents to independently manufacture personal protective equipment, techniques for rescuing from mass destruction with weapons (nuclear), and conducting rescue and emergency operations.
Thus, the purpose and objectives of the civil defense are well defined by law, but in practice, system failures often occur. As a result, the country suffers large losses of the population, not to mention the huge material values.
Laws Regulating the Civil Defense of the Russian Federation
The solution of tasks on civil defense, its very concept and essence in the Russian Federation is regulated by Federal Law No. 28 "On Civil Defense". The Federal Law was adopted back in 1998, and the latest changes to it were made in December 2013, already under the current leadership of the country.
This law establishes the concept of civil defense, the main tasks and features. And also it defines the competence of state authorities and law, the responsibility, the responsibilities of citizens in the field of civil defense.
In addition to the main federal law on defense, the legislator prescribes certain nuances of civil defense in other regulatory legal acts and government decrees. Moreover, all federal laws relating to civil defense do not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Civil Code.
System
After it was considered in general terms what civil defense is, its concept and objectives as a whole, we should proceed to an in-depth consideration of civil defense in the Russian Federation. Starting with her system.
The GO system includes:
- governing and civil defense bodies;
- monetary and material (food, medicine, remedies) funds and reserves;
- management systems, alerts and communications necessary in case of danger;
- other means and forces necessary for fulfilling the tasks of civil defense.
Civil defense forms its own structure not only on the basis of territorial principles, but also on production. Its main link is an economic object. For example, a factory, university, etc.
So, the territorial feature of the formation of civil defense lies in its organization in different places, in different subjects, territories, regions, cities and villages of the Russian Federation, according to the administrative division of the country.
The production principle is to organize defense in separate departments, ministries, enterprises and objects of different values.
From the information received it becomes clear what constitutes civil defense. The structure and tasks of it are closely interconnected. Since each link of the GO performs a number of functions that fall within its competence, together these parts of the system form a powerful, efficiently working mechanism.
Civil defense can perform complex tasks of a global nature only with the close interaction of various branches of government at all its levels, as well as superiors and subordinates of various organizations and enterprises. Therefore, it is very important to consider both all parts of the civil defense of each separately, and their relationship in the process of fulfilling the intended goals.
GO forces
In chapter five of the Federal Law "On Civil Defense", civil defense forces are enshrined. These include military units of federal significance, fire and rescue services and contingencies, which carry out the basic tasks of civil defense.
The order of actions of the armed forces is fixed by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and their involvement in the process of military operations, prevention or elimination of the consequences of emergency situations is determined by the President of the Russian Federation. Abnormal formations are involved in the process according to the civil defense plan, by order of the official who is the head of the civil defense in the territory where it is necessary.
The Federal Law also indicates the basics of the activities of special forces and the executive authority, which is authorized to solve the tasks of civil defense of the Russian Federation. Namely:
- In the arsenal of state organizations in the area under consideration are special equipment and weapons (small arms and cold weapons).
- The military rescue units are issued special certificates, of a certain type, which confirm their status. And also the military have international signs indicating their belonging to the civil defense forces.
- Social assistance, financing and the activities of civil defense forces are carried out in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation. At the same time, funds are allocated at different levels (federal, regional and local), depending on which formations are financed.
In wartime, the armed forces of the Russian Federation begin to operate from the moment martial law is declared by the president of the country, and in peacetime when epidemics, technological accidents, catastrophes or natural disasters occur.
Guide
Leadership of civil defense in the Russian Federation in accordance with the law is carried out by the Government. State policy in this area is pursued by the federal executive body on the basis of the powers vested in it by the president. At the level of state and municipal entities, civil defense is carried out by the heads of executive power of the subjects and municipalities, respectively. The bosses are fully vouching and responsible for organizing and conducting measures to protect and protect the population.
In order to timely fulfill the tasks in the field of civil defense in the relevant territory and in full, the following civil defense governing bodies are legislated in the Russian Federation:
1. The executive authority in the field of civil defense of federal significance.
This authority carries out appropriate regulation of all subordinate bodies and organizations. It has special permissive, supervisory and control functions in order to ensure the goals and objectives of civil defense.
2. Territorial executive authorities of GO.
These are regional centers for the elimination of natural disasters, assistance at the time of emergency, generally authorized to solve any tasks of civil defense in the territory of an individual entity or municipality. Such bodies are staffed by military personnel of military units of the federal authority, as well as senior officials of the federal fire service and civilian personnel.
The leadership of the territorial bodies is appointed and removed from office by the authorities of the federal executive body. The President of the Russian Federation is also entitled to dismiss them from their posts.
3. Structural units of government bodies of federal importance of an executive nature.
4. Structural units of organizations (employees).
Powers of the President and the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of civil defense
In addition to the fact that FZ-28 explains the purpose and tasks of civil defense, defines its concept and features, it also sets out a separate chapter for the competence of state authorities in this area.
So, in the second chapter of Art. 5 indicates that the President of the Russian Federation is authorized:
- determine the foundations of a common civil defense policy;
- approve and enforce the Civil Defense Plan, both throughout the Russian Federation and in its individual entities;
- to approve the number, composition, structure of rescue military units, regulations on their organization and changes.
In accordance with Art. 6 The Government of the Russian Federation in order to fulfill the tasks of civil defense, has the right and obligation:
- ensure the implementation of a unified defense policy;
- manage the overall management and organizational aspects of civil defense;
- to issue various regulatory legal acts in the field of defense and organize the development of the Federal Law;
- determine the procedure for classifying the area as a civil defense group;
- establish the procedure for the evacuation of people, material and cultural property from the danger zone;
- establish regulations for training citizens in the field of defense;
- determine the procedure for the creation of shelters and shelters, as well as the accumulation, use and storage of various protective equipment, food, and medicines.
Powers of executive authorities in the field of civil defense
In accordance with Art. 7 executive authorities in the field of civil defense can and should:
- adopt regulatory legal acts in this area, bring to the attention of the information contained in them, the competent organizations, monitor their compliance and implementation;
- to develop a civil defense plan, while coordinating it with the federal government;
- to carry out measures and procedures for civil defense, to create the necessary forces and means of protection;
- to carry out a set of measures designed to preserve objects that are extremely important for the functioning of the economy and preserve people's lives;
- create and monitor the constant readiness of a set of technical devices for managing civil defense, as well as public warning systems;
- create and monitor the safety of stocks of provisions, medicines and other necessary funds.
Civil organizations of GO
In order to protect the population from dangers, in addition to state bodies, there are also civil defense organizations at the enterprise level. Such civil organizations of civil society can join all adult citizens who have not reached retirement age, except for pregnant women, disabled people, mothers of young children (up to 8 years old) and some other categories of citizens.
FZ-28 also highlights the tasks of civilian civil defense organizations and their powers. Namely:
- defense planning and organization;
- the implementation of training of own employees in the field of defense;
- creation and storage of own stocks of valuable during a disaster funds, medicines, provisions.
Organizations of the 1st and 2nd and some 3rd hazard classes (production of radiation or nuclear hazard, hydraulic structures) are obliged to create and keep emergency rescue units in constant readiness. And the 1st and 2nd hazard classes are also local hazard warning systems.
Other features of the civil defense of the Russian Federation
You can also add that all the tasks of the civil defense of the Russian Federation, depending on the general internal and external situation, are carried out in several modes:
- Everyday activity - fulfilling goals and tasks in peacetime, in the absence of natural and man-made disasters.
- Increased readiness - actions with a clear threat of war, with a deteriorating situation of a chemical, radiation, seismic or industrial nature.
- Emergency mode - declaration of war, martial law, the actual fulfillment of an accident, catastrophe.
A few words about how, in general, civil defense developed and changed. The tasks of civil defense have always been carried out and transformed depending on what kind of danger threatened the country in a given period.
For example, in the 30s of the 20th century, a local air defense system was created. It is in connection with the appearance and intensification of the bombing at this time by the aggressor (German occupiers). With the help of this system, many air bombs were defused, a huge number of fires were put out and industrial accidents were prevented.
In the middle of the 20th century, the threat of nuclear weapons appeared, therefore, at this time, the country was building up nuclear potential for its own protection. The population was regularly trained in the means and actions necessary to protect against a nuclear explosion.
Today, the state is more susceptible to terrorist attacks by gangs. As well as serious natural disasters (fires, floods). Accordingly, all the forces of the state and people are put in the fight against them. For these purposes, since January 1994, the Ministry of Emergencies has existed in the Russian Federation.
Conclusion
Above were considered the term "civil defense", its definition and objectives in the modern world. Based on the information received, we can conclude that in the Russian Federation today there is a very effective legislative framework in the field of civil defense. Nevertheless, from year to year various situations occur, from which it becomes clear that there are still a lot of problems in this area. Due to the lack of coherence, negligence and connivance of senior officials and members of executive authorities, the country suffers great losses and loses many lives of its citizens.
In this regard, it is worth highlighting the main directions in the development of civil defense:
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