Customs payments are a fairly large revenue part of the state budget. They make up more than thirty percent of all revenues. Russian legislation has fixed a specific mechanism for calculating such payments and the procedure for their payment.
Why are customs duties invented ?
Payments that arise when crossing the state border with a particular product are called customs. They are the main economic regulator of trade. Such an instrument stimulates foreign trade relations and is a kind of limiter of the cost of production in a competitive environment.
Customs payments can be a deterrent in the implementation of certain economic policies of the state. Duties apply to both imported goods (import) and exported products (export). Consider each group separately.
The role and purpose of import duties
To maintain a certain balance of solvency of the population, as well as to regulate the amount of imported goods, the state established import duties. It is easy to guess that the payment of customs duties increases the final cost of production. But this fact is not always negative.
Due to the increase in the price of imported goods, the domestic market and domestic producers are stimulated. The competitiveness of enterprises is increasing significantly. And as a result, the consumer receives high-quality goods of their own production at an affordable price. This is the goal economists pursued when creating such fees. In other words, import duties protect the domestic market and replenish the state treasury.
Why is export duty necessary?
The types of customs payments that are paid when goods are exported outside the state border are called export duties. In the global economy, such measures are not very popular. Basically, the collection of export payments is carried out by states that control a certain resource. With the help of such a tax, sales volume is equalized. In addition, a phenomenon such as deficiency is excluded.
Sometimes world prices for a particular product become more attractive than domestic, and manufacturers, in order to obtain the greatest profit, try to export their products in unlimited quantities. Customs payments and taxes in this case play a regulatory role.
Where do customs payment rates come from?
Goods that are subject to customs duties are listed in a systematic list. Each species has its own nomenclature code and corresponding border rate. From where the goods came from, the basic rate of collection changes.
For example, depending on trade and political relations between countries, customs payments may be preferential or overpriced. If the origin of the goods is not determined, then the tax is paid in double amount. And for underdeveloped countries, there may be no customs duty at all. These types of payments are called preferential.
Special and seasonal fees
A number of exported goods are seasonal. For these types of products, special customs payments are provided. Their validity is limited to six months. This period is most interesting to suppliers of agricultural products, since the basic tariff is not valid at this moment. Such a measure is also regulatory. It helps maintain the balance of the domestic market. Types of customs payments with special status are divided into three groups:
- Anti-dumping taxes. They are used to prevent the importation of goods at too low a price. Countries often use this technique to promote their products to foreign markets, as well as for advertising purposes.
- Special types of customs payments. Introduced in case of a threat to domestic producers in connection with large quantities of imported goods. Such sanctions can also be imposed as a response to discriminatory actions of other states.
- Compensatory customs payments. They are applied when subsidized funds were used in the production process.
Who is exempt from duty?
Goods of a humanitarian or gratuitous nature are fully exempted from border payments. Such products can be imported through interstate relations. Equipment and devices for military personnel, scientific literature and book publications of certain historical value, Russian and foreign currency are also exempted from payments. All these benefits are enshrined in law and have a strictly limited list.