Absolutely all objects that are only in the project, are already under construction or are under reconstruction, it is customary to divide into two types: structures and buildings. Buildings are terrestrial buildings in which premises are located for the educational process, entertainment, work and so on. Technical structures are considered to be constructions: bridges, pipes, gas pipelines, dams and others. Classification of buildings, structures, premises has many nuances.
Industrial building
In turn, the buildings are divided into two key groups - civil and industrial. Industrial include:
- production;
- agricultural;
- energy;
- warehouse
- utility.
Civil buildings are divided into two groups - residential and public.
Residential buildings
It is easy to guess that here are suitable premises for people to live, namely:
- apartment buildings;
- dormitories;
- Hotels
- boarding schools;
- nursing home.
Social buildings
- training rooms;
- administrative buildings;
- medical facilities and rehabilitation sites;
- facilities for sports;
- clubs, restaurants and more;
- retail space, catering and household services;
- transport;
- Housing and utilities;
- multifunctional buildings and complexes.
There is a classification of buildings and structures. The required structural features are achieved using technical indicators, their use is regulated by building codes and rules (SNiP). This document applies a diverse classification of buildings and structures by type. Next, get acquainted with the main ones.
Varieties of classifications
1. By number of storeys. When it is installed, the number of floors includes: elevated, technical, attic, basement (provided that the top of the structure is not less than 2 meters above the average planning mark of the earth).
- low number of storeys - the height of buildings is up to 2 floors;
- average number of storeys - from 3 to 5 floors;
- increased number of floors - from 6 to 9 floors;
- multi-storey - from 10 to 25 floors;
- skyscrapers - from 26 floors and above.
2. According to the material from which the walls are made:
- stone (brick or natural stone);
- concrete (artificial stone, concrete blocks);
- reinforced concrete;
- metal;
- tree.
3. Classification of buildings and structures by the method of construction:
- from small components (these are structural elements of buildings that move on a construction site using small-sized equipment or manually);
- from large-sized components (massive cranes and machines are used to install these elements);
- monolithic (pre-made concrete mortar is placed in the mold directly at the construction site, where it hardens).
4. By durability:
- I - the operation period is more than 100 years;
- II - from 50 to 100 years;
- III - from 50 to 20 years;
- IV - up to 20 years (temporary buildings).
5. Capitalization:
- 1st class - buildings that can meet the increased requirements. The main buildings in the city with an estimated period of operation of more than 70 years (stations, museums, theaters, cultural palaces). This also includes unique buildings of national importance with a service life of more than 100 years (the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the Kremlin Palace of Congresses , etc.).
- 2nd class - buildings that can satisfy the average requirements. Mass construction, which forms the basis of the city’s development, with an estimated period of operation of at least 50 years (administrative buildings, hotels, multi-storey residential buildings).
- Grade 3 - buildings capable of satisfying medium and low requirements (lightweight buildings of reduced capital with an estimated life of 25 to 50 years).
- 4th class - buildings with minimal requirements.
Depending on the class of the building, building materials are also selected. For high-class buildings, durable, time-tested refractory ceilings and materials are used that can ensure proper and long-term use without frequent repair work.
Fire hazard classification of buildings and structures
All buildings for fire hazard are divided into classes. The division depends on the type of application of the building and on how much the safety of citizens in case of fire is endangered. It takes into account age, physiological state, the probability of being in a state of sleep, the type of basic functional composition and its strength.
Classification of buildings and structures:
- F1 - buildings defined for temporary residence of citizens (study, work, hotels, public catering, etc.), as well as for permanent residence.
- F2 - facilities for cultural activities.
- F3 - buildings of enterprises serving citizens (retail outlets, public catering, train stations, hospitals, post offices, banks, etc.).
- F4 - premises intended for scientific research, educational institutions, buildings of governing bodies, fire department.
- F5 - premises and structures of industrial or warehouse use, archives. Production and warehouse premises , including laboratories and workshops in the construction of classes F1, F2, F3 and F4, are classified as class F5.
The classification of building structures is very important. The main provisions on fire safety are used to regulate the requirements for the evacuation of people in case of fire.
Classification of buildings and structures for fire resistance
The quality of building floors is determined by their fire resistance limit, which means the time after which, when a fire occurs, one of three indicators is present:
- collapse of the floor;
- the appearance of through cracks or holes in the overlap (combustion products fall into adjacent rooms);
- heating the floor to temperatures that provoke spontaneous combustion of materials in neighboring rooms (140-220C).
The ability of building floors is characterized by a fire resistance limit. Types of buildings according to the degree of fire resistance:
- I - with stone structures (fireproof).
- II - with stone structures (fireproof and fireproof).
- III - with stone structures (fireproof, fireproof and combustible).
- IV - with wood plaster.
- V - with wood unplastered.
The limits of fire resistance:
- ceramic brick - 5 hours;
- silicate brick - 5 hours;
- concrete slab - 4 hours (decay occurs due to the presence in the composition of water up to 8%);
- gypsum-coated wood - 1 h 15 min;
- iron structures - 20 minutes (1100-1200 - metal is made plastic);
- the entrance door treated with a flame retardant - 1 hour
Porous concrete, hollow bricks have great fire resistance. The minimum fire resistance threshold is open metal installations, and the maximum - reinforced concrete.