The construction of many modern structures requires the mandatory presence of piles in the ground. For this purpose, a copying installation is used, which we will talk about in more detail in this article. We study its parameters and capabilities.
Definition
The pile driver is a special construction machine designed to drive a large number of piles into the ground. Reinforced concrete piles can be either round or square. At the same time, they are issued integral or composite. Pile driving can also take place not only at construction sites, but also with the aim of strengthening slopes, trenches, pits, and strengthening the coastline.
Basic principles of operation
The koprovy installation, regardless of what type of hammer it uses, works according to the following scheme. The machine gets to the point of work and, thanks to its winch, piles a pile ready for installation from the warehouse and then brings it to the level of the hammer headgear. Then the support is fixed in a vertical position on the point, and the machine makes several hits. After that, the vertical control of the pile is performed (if necessary, this parameter is adjusted). Next, the pile is driven into the ground to the planned depth or to a predetermined failure, that is, to the lowest possible level of immersion after impacts on the last meter of the introduction of support into the ground.
Varieties of pile loaders
Pile driving is a very responsible and laborious process that requires attention, patience and certain knowledge and skills. And it is carried out by a special organ of the copra, which can be either a hammer or a vibration exciter.
The hammer, in turn, is of the following types:
- Mechanical.
- Steam air.
- Hydraulic.
- Vibrating.
- Pneumatic.
- Diesel.
We will dwell on the latter option in more detail, since in construction it received the greatest distribution. The diesel hammer is the simplest and most reliable organ for driving piles. It works according to this principle: when the pile is located under the head of the hammer, it is activated and put into action, that is, the shock part is lifted by a special cat and dropped down. At the moment the shock part falls in the combustion chamber, diesel fuel ignites, the striker explodes and takes off to a certain height. Its fall and causes a blow to the Shabbat. This whole process is repeated cyclically until the driver of the copra with his team stops the supply of diesel fuel.
Tubular type diesel hammers are used to introduce reinforced concrete piles to all soils except rocks. Such hammers are capable of trouble-free operation in a fairly wide temperature range: from -40 to +40 degrees Celsius, which allows them to be operated even in cold regions. However, it is important to understand that, like any other diesel units, the described hammers require mandatory heating before operation.
Hydraulic hammer
The hydrohammer in some technical parameters significantly exceeds its diesel counterpart. But at the same time, the hydraulic counterpart is much more expensive.
The hydraulic hammer is ahead of the diesel version in the following characteristics:
- Lower noise level.
- Lower soil vibration.
- Higher motor resources.
In addition, with a hydraulic machine, it is possible to drive piles very close to nearby buildings. The ease of power adjustment allows the hydraulic unit to dose the impact force, which quite often depends on the soil conditions of a particular terrain, with the highest accuracy.
Operational costs, according to experts, can be considered complex maintenance and higher qualification requirements that a copra driver must have.
Based on the installation "Yunttan PM-25", we study its technical characteristics:
- The length of the pile should not exceed 16 meters.
- The guide mast is 19.7 meters long.
- The weight of the shock is 5 tons.
- Total weight - 11.7 tons.
- The stroke of the shock is 1 meter 20 centimeters.
- In one minute, the number of strokes is from 40 to 100.
What moves the coper?
Delivery and installation of the copra at the place of its operation is carried out using a running gear, which can be:
- The chassis is wheeled.
- Tracked mover.
- Rail device.
On each of these basic elements, an engine, transmission, and equipment for monitoring and controlling the equipment of the entire copra must be mounted.
Types of Work Platform
Installation koprovy can be both rotary, and fixed. The models of the latter type have the ability to drive piles only at their location, and the rotary version allows driving piles into the soil along the perimeter of the machine’s dislocation. In wheel copers, the angle of rotation is limited to 260 degrees, and caterpillar units are even able to rotate all 360 degrees.
Also, depending on the functionality, copra is divided into simple, semi-universal and universal.
Universal models are endowed with the ability to adjust the reach and tilt of the mast, semi-universal machines can only change the tilt, while simple ones have a fixed mast and therefore only perform strictly vertical pile driving.
Technical indicators of copra
If you do not go into the intricacies of individual models of copers, then in general their parameters will have the following form:
- Clogged piles can have a length of 8 to 20 meters.
- The carrying capacity ranges from 2 to 21 tons.
- Masts have a reach of 1-8 meters.
- Electric motors have a power of 7-96 kW.
- The height of the copra is 10-28 meters.
- The mast tilt can be 1: 3 - 1:10 of the tangent of the angle.
Self-propelled pile drivers have the ability to drive in piles of various types, including:
- Hollow round.
- Pile sheaths.
- Elements of a rectangular section.
- Square shaped constructions.
The choice of a reinforced concrete product, subsequently clogged into the ground and connected to a pile driver, depends on which particular pile driving mechanism of the headgear will be used. By the way, piling is a replacement part that connects the pile directly to the mounted equipment for driving.
Pendulum machine
In turn, a pendulum driver is used to drive inclined piles into the ground. This is especially true during port construction work. Such machines are fully mechanized and allow driving piles of wood and reinforced concrete both vertically and at a certain angle. At the same time, the length of the product can be equal to 35 meters, and the weight can reach about 30 tons.
The pendulum driver during its operation is able to set its boom at the required angle and very often has telescopic guides, which allows you to move the boom and rotate the truss in the horizontal direction all 360 degrees.
It is important to understand that the installation of a copra should be given the closest attention. Laying of paths and scaffolds should be carried out with special care and the highest possible high accuracy. Particularly check balances, the amount of which should ensure the stability of the entire machine. During transportation, the hammer must always be lowered to the lower extreme point and securely fixed in order to exclude the likelihood of a dangerous emergency or personal injury. Also, do not use heavy piling equipment for driving lightweight piles.