The verb is the leading, together with the noun, part of the speech of the Russian language. It forms the core of the sentence, concludes the process. How the verb changes in tenses, moods, persons, numbers, and gender will be discussed in the article.
Verb: permanent signs
All parts of speech have certain attributes. Conjugation and form, recurrence and transitivity are considered unchanged in the verb.
Verbs vary in faces. The nature of these changes reflects the type of conjugation - 1 or 2. There is no semantic difference between the verbs of different conjugations. The difference in
personal endings: in 1 person
-em, -et, -you, -ethe, -ut (-y) , 2 - to
them, -it, -you, -it, -at (-yat) . The view is intended to reflect the relation of actions to the moment of speech. A perfect view (the question of
what to do? ) Is the result, imperfect (
what to do? ) Is a process. For example,
walk - go, think - come up . Often the difference lies in the fact that verbs of an imperfect form reflect a periodically repeated action, and a perfect form - a single action. For example,
to travel - to travel, to cook - to cook. Such a constant verb attribute as recurrence indicates the direction of actions on someone. The rate of return is postfix
(s): swim, pricked, said goodbye. Transition indicates the possibility of a verb to control an object - a noun in the
accusative case. That is, the
verb to write is transitive, as it can be combined with words that answer the question
what? whom ?: paint a picture, write a dictation. The verb
watch is intransitive, because it cannot control a noun in the accusative case.
Mood
Verbs vary in tenses, persons, etc., that is, they are characterized by inconsistent morphological features. Verbs capable of changing their form are called conjugated. The leading feature is the ability of verbs to change the mood, which reflects the attitude of the process to reality. So, distinguish indicative , imperative and conditional. All other irregular verb tenses depend on mood. Verbs change in time only in the indicative mood. The subjunctive (conditional) mood has a traditional structure: a verb in the past tense + a particle ( would bring, would tell ). The imperative is characterized by the presence of the suffix -and or -te: write, say.
Time
Time is a special category inherent to the verb of indicative mood. It can be future, past and present, that is, it reflects the relation of action at the moment of speech. The verb changes in time depending on the type. The time and correctness of its use is largely determined by the type of verb. So, verbs of a perfect form cannot have a present tense, since it indicates a certain process. Suffix -l is the main indicator of the past tense verb: ovored, studied, stood. It is important to note that verbs change in gender only in the past tense. The future tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb to be and the infinitive, if it is an imperfective verb : build - will build, teach - will be taught. If in the future tense it is necessary to put a verb of a perfect form, then an auxiliary word is not required: to drive - to drive, to look - to take a look .
Face
The category of time is decisive for another irregular verb attribute - a person. Verbs change in faces only in the future and present tenses of the indicative mood, in the imperative mood. The person of the verb is called to indicate the participant in the speech process (1 or 2 persons: speak, listen ) or who is mentioned in the speech (3 persons: know, tell ). The personal form of a verb is called such a form, next to which you can restore your personal pronoun: study - I study, read - we read, write - you write, sit down - you sit down, looking for - he / she / she is looking, knit - they knit.
Number
The category of numbers is inherent in all variable parts of the speech of the Russian language. So, in verbs, the number cannot be determined only in the initial form, that is, in the infinitive. Verbs vary in numbers in all moods ( sitting - sitting - sitting ) and at all tenses ( painted - draw - will draw ).
Immutable Forms
Only permanent signs can be identified in unchanged forms of the verb. These are the infinitive and the participle. The infinitive is the beginning of any verb form. All permanent verbal signs are determined by it. It contains the semantics of action, but does not show its relevance to reality, to the moment of speech, to participants in the speech process. The verb changes in moods and tenses, but not the infinitive.
The participle is one of the attributive, that is, not conjugated, forms of the verb. It combines the meanings of a verb and an adverb and denotes an additional, secondary action. The participle, like the infinitive, has only permanent signs. However, the infinitive may be the main member of the sentence or part of the main member, but the participle may not. There are cases when the germs in the sentence depend on the infinitive: Live, rejoicing. Loving, caring. Buy by finding. In such sentences, predicativity lies in unchanging forms of the verb.
The declined form of the verb
Surprisingly, the verb changes in cases, more precisely, its special form - the participle. It combines the constant characteristics of the verb and the impermanent features of the name of the adjective. The participle, formed from the stem of the verb, reflects the form, and special suffixes express the time, which in the participles is a constant sign. The immutable characteristic of the participles is the pledge. So, this form of the verb can be passive or real. This is an expression of a sign as active or as passive. For example, the reader (himself) is the active voice, that is, the actual participle, read (by someone) is the passive voice, the participle is passive. The participle varies in cases according to the paradigm of adjectives. This verb form can vary in number and gender: singing - singing - singing - singing, have a full and short form (only passive): built - built. Mortality is determined only in full participles. For example, in a hatched nest - prepositional, near the turbulent sea - genitive, the artist who paints the drawing - delightful , the sung song - instructive.