What is a pretext, any student can answer, children begin to study this part of speech from the second grade and learn about what pretexts they will learn throughout the school program. However, in a conversation they begin to use them from the very first phrases, because it is precisely they that make it possible to build the dependence of words on each other so that the utterance makes sense and becomes a sentence. And although the preposition is an unchangeable part that does not at all act as a member of a sentence, but can only be tied to those, for a correctly constructed statement its presence is necessary and irreplaceable. Therefore, for correctly delivered speech, it is simply necessary to know what prepositions are, how they affect the endings of words with which they are connected, and how to use them correctly. Indeed, it is this small detail that forms the semantic dependencies and relations between words.
In the humanitarian dictionary, the definition of the preposition of the Russian language sounds something like this: it is the
unchanging part of speech, which is a service word, making out the subordination of the case form of names to another word, expressing the attitude to objects regarding their actions.
Main functions
Like all official words, prepositions are not used independently, they are always associated with a noun or other word used as such, which makes it impossible to define this element as part of speech, but they are included in their number. In some cases, it is the pretext that can determine the antonymic and synonymous shades and pairs, so that it’s enough just to choose the right combination of words for utterance.
For example: to school - from school; before the lesson - after the lesson; at a kindergarten - at a kindergarten - near a kindergarten; due to carelessness - due to carelessness.
What are the prepositions
All prepositions are divided into temporary, spatial, causal and target. Some of them can be used with nouns in the same case, while others are used with words in different cases. For instance:
- to a friend, to school - D. p. (to whom? to what?);
- thanks to a friend, thanks to school - D. p. (thanks to whom? thanks to what?);
- at seven o'clock - V. p. (what?);
- in the park - P. p. (in what?).
The example shows that the preposition "in" can be used with words in different cases. It is such prepositions, such as in, about, from, with, through, y, on, without , that can have a huge number of meanings. In Russian, they are called non-derivative prepositions.
If the preposition is formed from an independent part of speech and is used with only one case, then it is called a derivative. For instance:
- around the house, the initial form of the preposition is an adverb around;
- within an hour, the initial form of the preposition is the noun used with the preposition “c”;
- thanks to help, the initial form of the preposition is gerimony .
Structural differences
Along with all the differences, Russian prepositions are also shared by their structure. Namely:
- Simple, one-word. As a rule, these are one- and two-syllable. Non-derivative and some derivative prepositions: on, in, to, under, above.
- Complicated or paired, in fact, a kind of simple prepositions: because of, from under, and others.
- Compounds, which are prepositional cases: in business, along in, in part, in relation, in dependence and so on.
Digits by value
Since the preposition is only a connecting part, it cannot have its own meaning, but only determines the grammatical relations between nouns used in indirect cases, and in other words. In other words, its lexical meaning depends on the word to which it is attached, but it can convey various circumstantial nuances of the connection of words with each other.
All the prepositions of the Russian language are divided into such categories:
- Spatial or prepositions of a place: from, in, to, y, by, under, because, around, in front, around, near. For example: lives in a city; works at a factory; running around the house.
- Temporal or prepositions of time: before, through, in, on, to, s, before, during. For example: in half an hour; jogging in the morning; a walk before bedtime.
- Causal: from, for, from evil, by force, thanks, on occasion, due, due. For example: blushed with shame; smashed a vase from evil; mistaken by carelessness.
- Prepositions indicating the goal: for the sake of, for, in, to and others. For example: say for fun; occasion speech; to go on vacation.
- Objective, determine and indicate which subject the action is directed to: o, pro, s, about, relatively, about and others. For example: miss your daughter; find out about grades.
- Prepositions indicating a course of action: with, in, without, from. For example: play with pleasure; laugh heartily.
Classification of Derived Prepositions
Depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed, they are divided into such categories. There are many hours in the school curriculum for prepositions that originate from other parts of speech, and this is correct, because it is very important to know what connection they can form between words and how to use them correctly in speech and writing.
- Adverbial prepositions. Formed from adverbs and most often indicate the spatial and temporal relationships of words in a sentence. These are such pretexts as near, instead, along, around, behind, through, over, among, and others.
- Variable prepositions. The original form is a noun in any case. As a rule, such prepositions express circumstantial and object relations: due, like, from the side, to be continued, in view, at least, during, in part.
- Verbal prepositions are formed from the forms of verbs, verbal participles and express all kinds of circumstantial relationships: excluding, thanks, regardless, despite, later , others.
Spelling of prepositions
Knowing what prepositions are is just as important as spelling them. Therefore, one of the main topics of the school curriculum concerning prepositions is spelling. The very first rule that children get to know is: "Prepositions with other words are written separately." To correctly determine whether a word is a service word, a question or an addendum can be put between the preposition and the word associated with it.
For example: on (what?) The sea or on the (Black) Sea.
In high school, children are introduced to derivative prepositions derived from adverbs. And here the most important thing is to determine whether this part of the sentence is an adverb or is it an excuse. To do this, you need to determine whether the sentence has a noun in an indirect case and how it relates to the disputed part.
For example: look around (adverb) or look around (preposition).
There is such a rule: “To make sure that a word in a sentence is a pretext, and not another part of speech, it should be replaced by a synonymous preposition. At the same time, the semantic meaning should not change. ” Here is a list of interchangeable auxiliary prepositions:
- in view of (due to, for reason);
- sort of (like);
- about (about, about);
- due to (for a reason).
For example: Due to bad weather, we did not go for a walk. Due to bad weather, we did not go for a walk.
Notes
Such prepositions are written separately: during, in continuation, throughout, in conclusion, in order to avoid, in fact, unlike .
It should also be noted that paired or spliced prepositions, such as from, from, from, to, for, for, for, are written only through a hyphen.
For example: The sun came out from behind the clouds. A cat jumped out from under the closet.
There are also prepositions whose spelling you just need to remember. Namely: near (without a soft sign) and through (with a soft sign).
Use of prepositions with cases
It is very important to know what prepositions are in cases, because often it is thanks to the preposition that you can correctly determine in which case a word is used, which is very important for correct spelling. It should be noted that with the nominative case of nouns, prepositions are not used, only with indirect ones:
- with a genitive case - without, around, for, from, from, y, s;
- with the dative case - to, thanks, according to, contrary to, contrary to, towards, by;
- with accusative case - through, about, despite, through, in, on, under, behind;
- with instrumental case - above, before, between, for, under, s;
- with prepositional case - oh, with, in, on.
This table of prepositions is made taking into account derivative and non-derivative prepositions, which in each case can be used with only one or more cases of nouns.
Instead of a conclusion
In fact, to learn this topic in school years is not so thoroughly difficult, there are very few rules for spelling and the formation of prepositions from other parts of speech. The main task is to learn how to distinguish a preposition from other elements and know how to use it correctly. That is what will allow not only competently building the words of the sentence, but also being able to write them down without confusing endings.