Brumer is one of the months of the calendar adopted in France during the revolution. It was introduced by a specially created commission with the aim of marking a break with the old traditions and creating new ones, which instead of Christianity introduced a new religion called “natural”. The Republican calendar operated for several years: from 1793 (October) to 1806 (January). It was abolished by Napoleon, and then restored in the days of the Paris Commune. After all the revolutionary events in France, they returned to the traditional Gregorian calendar.
Fall month
Brumer is the second autumn month corresponding to the period from October 22 to November 20. Before him comes the month of the Vandemiere, and after him comes the freer. Translated from French, Brummer means fog, vandemeier means the period of grape harvesting, and frimmer means frost. Like the other months of the revolutionary calendar, the Brümer consisted of 30 days or three decades.
If in the Catholic tradition every day corresponds to the veneration of a saint, then the days of the months of this calendar were associated with the names of fruits and plants cultivated in agriculture.
For example, apple, celery, figs, goat-breeder. An exception to the rule are only two days: the 5th and 10th. The first of them is dedicated to the animal and is called "goose", the second - to agricultural tools and is called "plow".
Directory End
In the eighth year of the existence of the French Republic (which corresponds to November 11, 1799) of the 18th Brumaire, Bonaparte organized a coup d'etat.
This event, according to eyewitnesses, happened very rapidly, within a few minutes. To the deafening battle of drums, the grenadiers with arms in their hands and led by General Murat burst into the conference room. The authorities there, in a panic, fled through doors and windows.
As a result of this action, the Government of the Directory was overthrown, the Council of Elders was dissolved, as well as the Council of Five Hundred - two bodies that were representative. Napoleon created a new interim government, which he led among the three consuls. Thus, the month of Brummer is not only the end of the Directory, but also the formal end of the revolutionary period in France. Until the proclamation of Bonaparte as emperor, there was very little time left.
Since then, in the historical and political sense, the concept of “brumaire” is not only a designation of the described events, but also a synonym for any counter-revolutionary actions ending in a coup.