A sentence is the main unit of verbal communication, the main subject of syntax study. The key semantic and grammatical center of the sentence is considered to be its predicative basis.
The grammatical basis of the sentence and its types
The primary concept of what a grammatical basis is given to students back in elementary school. In more detail and deeply predicative units are studied during the passage of the topics “Syntax of a simple sentence” and “Syntax of a complex sentence”. It is then that students learn and learn to distinguish between one-and two-part sentences, the complete and incomplete predicative core, understand the means of expressing the subject and the predicate.
To determine what the grammatical basis of each individual sentence is, it is necessary to isolate the main terms in it and indicate their means of expression. It should be remembered that in a one-part sentence, the grammatical basis is represented by only one main member - subject or predicate. And in the two-part, both are present.
Single-component sentences are divided into nouns and verbs. The subject, expressed by a noun or other part of speech in the meaning of a noun, is what is the grammatical basis title sentence (Here is the autumn outside the window; The shadow of the leaves on my curtain).
Sentences of the verb type contain only predicates. They, in turn, are divided into four (some researchers distinguish three) types: certain-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal and impersonal. In each of them, the verb in the form of a certain person and number plays the role of a predicate. In sentences of the latter type, the role of the predicate is played by the words of the category of status (the doorbell rang again and again without stopping; it was freezing in earnest in the street).
Somewhat harder to grasp what is the grammatical basis of an incomplete sentence. It is important to learn to see the missing subject or predicate and to restore it from the context. The main confusion occurs with the indistinguishability of single-component and incomplete sentences. For example, in the sentence “Everywhere - puddles and puddles, recent snow has melted”, the first part is incomplete. From the context, we can easily restore the missed predicate - glisten. Therefore, in this sentence the grammatical the basis is the subject “puddles”, expressed by a noun, and the missed but restored predicate “shine”, expressed by a verb in the plural, present tense, third person, indicative.
In a two-part sentence, the subject is expressed by any independent part of speech in the meaning of a noun or phrase, including indivisible, i.e.
phraseological phrase. In addition to the noun, the pronoun, adjective and participle, as well as
the numeral, most often act as an independent part:
Animals can suffer and cry like humans;
She screamed loudly and waved her hands;
The shower room was filled with steam;
Arrivals at night settled in their places;
How stupid it is to shoot sparrows from cannons!
Also, the verb in various forms quite often acts as a subject: Yawning in the face of the interlocutor is considered a sign of bad taste.
The sentence in the two-part sentence also has different forms of expression, from standard verbs to the nominal parts of speech and phrases. It is important to develop the so-called syntactic vigilance among students so that they can easily find and determine the boundaries and type of grammatical basis.
The grammatical basis in word formation
The concept of a grammatical basis is inherent not only in syntax, but also in word formation. In word formation, the grammatical basis of a word is part of a word without ending. It includes, first of all, the root, and then other components - prefixes, suffixes, postfixes.
The main part of the grammatical basis of the word is the root. It contains the lexical meaning of all cognate words. Without the root of the word, there is no independent lexico-grammatical unit.
Thus, the term "grammatical basis" in linguistics is ambiguous and is implemented at several linguistic levels.