Everything that residents of the capital drain into sinks and toilets ultimately turns into millions of cubic meters of wastewater. They have been dumped for many years into the Moscow River. To clean them, two large aeration stations were built in the city: in Lyubertsy and in the Pechatnikov area. At the same time, the Kuryanovsk treatment facilities operating in the South-Eastern Administrative Okrug (southeastern autonomous okrug) are the oldest and largest.
General description of the object
In the area served by the station, there are simply a huge number of people - more than 6 million people. In addition, several manufacturing enterprises are located nearby. Therefore, every day the station receives a truly colossal amount of effluents - about 1.8 million m 3. Of these, 20% falls on the residential sector, and 80% - on the production. The Kuryanovskaya station is located in the South-Eastern Administrative Okrug (Moscow), in the industrial zone of the Pechatniki district, in the left-bank floodplain of the Moscow River. To date, this important facility is one of the largest in Europe.
In total, this complex includes three blocks (NKOS), each of which can be used to treat 1 million m 3 of effluents per day. Thus, in total, the Kuryanovsk treatment plants are designed for a load of 3 million m 3 in 24 hours.
A bit of history
The first facilities at this station were erected in 1939. However, due to the outbreak of the Second World War, work was suspended for a long time. The start of the Kuryanovsky treatment facilities took place only in 1950. At that time, the station, like any other complex of this purpose, was very far from the city - among the steppes and forests, next to several medium-sized plants. However, gradually the area of Moscow increased, and in the end the station was inside its borders. Moreover, it was already surrounded not only by the industrial enterprises still operating in this area, but also by residential quarters.
Of course, the increase in load made the initial design capacity of this facility insufficient. Therefore, in the 70s of the last century, Mosvodokanal decided to expand the treatment facilities in the Pechatnikov area. In the immediate vicinity of the old complex, the Novokuryanovskaya station was built, which already consists of two, more modern blocks. Simultaneously with their construction, a new outlet channel was extended.
Of course, over time, the designs and the new station became obsolete. Therefore, in 2011, their large-scale modernization began. To date, these works have already been completed.
Pechatniki District (Moscow)
The total area of this part of the capital is 17.89 km 2 . The Pechatniki district consists of 30 streets. To date, in the immediate vicinity of the Kuryanovsk sewage treatment plant, about 75 thousand people live.
For accommodation, the Pechatniki area is currently considered suitable very well. The infrastructure here is very well developed, for example, there are two metro stations and four of the Kursk railway line. Until recently, nobody especially wanted to buy apartments in the Pechatniki area. It was all a disgusting odor spreading from treatment facilities. However, more recently, this problem has been completely resolved. We will talk about how exactly a little later.
Station design
The Kuryanovsky complex, therefore, is the largest treatment plant in Moscow. The process of wastewater treatment at this facility begins with one of the three receiving chambers directly connected to collectors of urban sewage. From here, the sewage flow through the underground pipelines is distributed through the NKOS station (through the grate building). Today, effluents are mainly delivered to one of the two blocks of the new station. Each sewer supplying sewage to the NKOS can be blocked by its own gate valve. Before entering the treatment unit, the effluents are fed to the Grid Building for primary machining. Then they are pumped into sand traps. Further, the drains arrive sequentially:
Air in the aeration tanks is supplied from a huge engine room equipped with high-power turbo blowers. Sludge from sedimentation tanks enters a special digester, where it is fermented. The gas released as a result of this process is used at a small TPP built nearby. Such an interesting technical solution made it possible to provide the Kuryanovsky treatment facilities with own electricity by 60%. At the final stage, already completely purified water flows through the bypass channel to the Moscow River. Throughout the station, runoff flows by gravity. For this, each subsequent complex of treatment equipment is located slightly lower than the previous one.
How does mechanical cleaning work?
Actually, the technology itself for the treatment of effluents by engineers of Vodokanal LLC (Moscow) was thought out to the smallest detail. In the Grid Building, the wastewater is undergoing primary treatment. Here, large mechanical impurities are removed from them. To do this, they are passed through special grilles. The latter are a kind of large container, mounted directly in the stream of water. The selected large garbage - crumpled plastic, bottle caps, pieces of polyethylene, foliage, grass, etc. - are sent for recycling on a conveyor belt. Oddly enough, the usual problems with the cotton buds for the ears are the employees who are most problematic. Their dimensions in the transverse direction are very small, and therefore they easily pass through the grates of containers.
The primary mechanical cleaning building is divided into two parts. Each of them serves its own unit of the new station. After the Grid Building, the wastewater enters special sand traps to clean small mechanical debris. The insoluble mineral suspension separated from the effluent is subsequently washed and delivered to factories that manufacture construction mixtures, paving slabs, etc.
Biological treatment
Of course, for high-quality water purification, removing ordinary rubbish and various kinds of mechanical impurities from it is not enough. Kuryanovsky aeration stations are a modern complex, the drains of which are also subjected to biological treatment. After sand traps, they enter the primary settling tanks. Here, suspended particles remaining in water under the influence of gravity settle to the bottom. Each NKOS block has 8 such pools.
After sedimentation tanks, water is supplied to aeration tanks. So called special containers containing biologically active sludge. The bacteria living in it begin to actively process the dirt remaining in the water. In fact, the same process occurs in natural reservoirs. However, at the station, the cleaning procedure is much faster. Biological treatment technology at WWTP provides for the supply of a strong air stream to aeration tanks. It is a natural stimulant of bacterial activity. The wastewater treatment complex at the station includes, as already mentioned, and a machine room built for this purpose. It is from here in the aeration tanks that the bacteria need the air flow.
The main difficulty of this stage of cleaning is the need to ensure uninterrupted operation of the pipe blowers. The fact is that without air, bacteria living in aeration tanks sludge can die within just a few hours. Their population is restored for a very long time - for several months.
After aeration tanks, almost pure water already enters the secondary settling tanks. At this stage, the remains of the most active sludge are removed from it. At the bottom of each secondary sump, a special mechanism works - a sludge collector. This tool collects sediment in a large tray. Then the sludge is transported to special landfills located 60 km from the capital.
Methane use
The sludge found in aerotanks is constantly multiplying. The resulting surplus is partially conserved. Subsequently, they can be used a second time. The main part of the "excess" sludge is sent to fermentation in special semi-underground tanks - digesters. Here, the sludge is heated to 54 ° C, as a result of which a reaction begins to occur in it with evolution of gas. The resulting methane goes to the TPP to generate electricity.
TPP
TPP of the Kuryanovskaya treatment plant (Pechatniki district, Moscow) is a truly unique construction. There are no analogues of such a construction anywhere in the world. They decided to build this facility in 2005, after a major accident, as a result of which half of Moscow turned out to be de-energized, including the CBS engine room. On that day, bacteria in aeration tanks did not receive the air they needed for about three hours. The construction of a thermal power plant completely ruled out the possibility of a repetition of such an unpleasant situation.
How wastewater analysis is carried out
Of course, the quality of water discharged into the Moscow River at the station is periodically checked. Mechanical studies are carried out in stages, according to the following parameters:
chroma
temperature
smell;
degree of transparency.
The first parameter is measured in degrees platinum-cobalt scale. Temperature, smell and transparency - in font. Chemical analysis of wastewater is performed on the pH reaction and the proportion of various impurities. According to the last sign, wastewater can be divided into four categories:
municipal wastewater (dry residue - less than 500 mg / l);
second category (industrial effluents up to 5000 mg / l);
third category (over 5000 mg / l);
the fourth category (more than 30 thousand mg / l).
The chemical and microbiological composition of the effluents discharged by the Kuryanovskaya station in the South-Eastern Administrative District (Moscow) fully complies with SanPiN 2.1.5.980–00 standards.
Where does the waste go?
From the secondary sump, already completely purified water enters the outlet chamber. Then it is fed into a discharge channel connected to the Moskva River, the total length of which is 700 m. More recently, wastewater treatment was completed. But a few years ago, a new disinfection building was built on the canal. Here, the treated effluents are further disinfected with ultraviolet light. After such treatment, various pathogenic microorganisms die in water. That is, the Kuryanovsk treatment facilities are now dumped into the Moskva River not only well-treated, but also completely disinfected. This contributes to a significant improvement in the environmental situation in the capital.
Fish in the canal
The quality of effluents at the Kuryanovskaya station, whose activities are controlled by Vodokanal LLC (Moscow), is indeed at the highest level. This is evidenced by at least the fact that just a huge amount of fish lives in the outlet channel of the complex. Once upon a time, many locals were engaged in its fishing. However, not so long ago, the entrance to the station was closed for outsiders. The guards are now keeping order here, not letting in not only fishing enthusiasts, but also local boys.
Smell
To date, Muscovites who have chosen the Pechatniki district for living do not experience any problems associated with treatment facilities. But more recently, an extremely unpleasant pungent odor spread from the territory of this facility throughout the district. In 2012, after repeated appeals by residents to the administration of the district and Moscow, a decision was made to reconstruct the station. As a result, the receiving chambers located at the entrance were covered with organic glass over almost the entire surface .
They also decided to prevent the spread of odor from the primary sedimentation tanks using a lid. But in this case, metal sheets were used. To date, these containers are closed immediately with two caps - floating pontoon and upper console. The Kuryanovsk aeration stations are the only complex in the world that uses such efficient and inexpensive designs. Some already partially destroyed sedimentation tanks during modernization were eliminated.