Ecology is a science that studies the interaction of living organisms with elements of inanimate nature. Recently, it began to develop at a rapid pace. This is due to environmental problems that arise everywhere. Therefore, humanity has begun to study the interaction of organisms among themselves and the anthropogenic impact on the environment.
The evolution that occurs in nature, and scientific and technological progress, as a result of human activities, have a significant impact on the environment. Under their influence, large changes occur in animate and inanimate nature. But, at the same time, there are some factors that have a constant impact on the environment.
All inanimate and living nature, the animal and plant world is a habitat. Its individual components that affect living organisms are environmental factors. They are divided into anthropogenic, biotic and abiotic. Anthropogenic factors are the impact on living organisms that occurs as a result of human activity. Biotic factors are a consequence of the influence of living organisms on each other. Abiotic factors are the impact of inanimate nature on wildlife. We can say that every living organism is influenced by all these factors, which to one degree or another have an effect on it.
If environmental factors and their action do not deviate from the norm, then the conditions for the development of organisms will be favorable. But, when one of the factors begins to have a greater or lesser impact, it becomes decisive. The destructive effect on a living organism can produce both an excess of a factor and its decrease. For example, a crop may die due to heavy rains. There is such a thing as an optimum zone. These are the conditions under which environmental factors affect the body within the norm necessary for its full development.
Abiotic factors include, first of all, climatic conditions. The main indicators of this factor are humidity and rainfall. These data, to some extent, depend on the direction and strength of the wind. It is moisture that is the most important factor for the full development of a living organism.
Another important abiotic factor was light. Here we study the parameters of intensity, wavelength and exposure time.
Soil and its composition is another important abiotic factor. It is from it that many living organisms take the main useful substances necessary for life.
Biotic factors include the number and population of species of living organisms, as well as their diversity. This is what determines the interaction of living organisms and the effect that they exert on each other. As a result of such communication, they form stable food chains. Such interaction forms the rules of the ecological pyramid.
The ecological pyramid is a diagram of energy loss in food chains. All participants in the food chain extract energy in the order in which they are located in it. The initial source of energy is the sun. The next level of the pyramid are plants that consume solar energy. This is followed by animal herbivorous organisms, followed by predators. With each level of the pyramid, the amount of energy consumed for one’s own needs grows, but productivity decreases. In this regard, each subsequent level is less than the previous one.
In this regard, the rules of the ecological pyramid - abundance, biomass and productivity - show the relationships in the system based on energy absorption.
Environmental factors affecting the state of living organisms are an important condition for maintaining equilibrium in nature. But only the anthropogenic factor can be changed and improved by man. It is he who today has the greatest impact on the environment as a whole. A person cannot change environmental factors, but he can make his influence less noticeable.