In the 1920s, a literature lesson was removed from the school system. But at the end of the century reappears. What is behind the term “Russian literature” today? For some, this is something outdated, for others it sounds a high syllable, the third seems to be something scientific. And few people know that before the subject of literature was called "graceful literature." Turgenev, Pushkin, Nekrasov, Chekhov, Tolstoy - on the works of these writers not only learned to read, but also formed the personalities of the readers themselves. The word of art occupied and continues to occupy an important place in the life of the Russian people. And its value is difficult to overestimate.
In the beginning it was ...
The history of the origin of literature in Russia is represented by only a few fragments and places is very controversial.
In 1748, the first textbook of Russian literature, “A Brief Guide to Eloquence,” was published by M. V. Lomonosov. The manual included the basics of the science of eloquence and collected excerpts from the works of famous thinkers and speakers. It also had tips for teachers on practical applications for students.
Later, the concept of "literature" is found in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy of 1789. His interpretation was as follows: "The ability to express and speak, and knowledge of the verbal sciences." These sciences meant: eloquence, grammar and the doctrine of poetry. These subjects were considered the main ones at the Academy. There are suggestions that from this time began the prerequisites for the establishment of literature in Russian science. It was in those years that the awareness of the role of the Russian language for society came to be, and the importance of the Russian word in scientific circles was rethought. And already in the next century, the subject of “Russian literature” becomes the center of the educational system and is taught in all educational institutions.
First textbooks
In pedagogy, A.S. Nikolsky. In 1790, his first essays for children, Logic and Rhetoric, were anonymously published. A little later, he publishes the textbook "Foundations of Russian literature." It was published in St. Petersburg in 1807 for maritime schools. The Nikolsky doctrine had a great influence because of its simplicity, where literature was defined as the ability to express thoughts in words.
Textbooks at the beginning of the 19th century are characterized by the fact that authors often turn to examples of Russian literature. In 1822, the book of N.I. Buckwheat, which contains significant material on the history of Russian literature, traced from the middle of the IX century.
In 1847, the book of Mikhail Chistyakov, “Theory of Literature Theory,” which became the educational material of that time, was published. In it, the author claims that “Literature has an extensive meaning. This is the totality of all the works of the word, oral and written, in which the highest is expressed, i.e. man’s spiritual life: thoughts of his mind, moral movements of his heart, creative dreams of his imagination. ”
Rebirth
Why is there a need for literature lessons these days? The appearance of the third subject of philology at school raised questions. Experts believe that the crisis processes taking place in society negatively affect the state of the Russian language as a whole. Perhaps the revival of the subject, as a kind of natural reaction, dictated by time itself, aimed at preserving the language, its culture and wealth, as the property of the nation.
R.I. Albetkova writes that literature is not some kind of addition to the Russian language and literature, but a separate item that looks into the very essence of the language.
A teacher with many years of experience, Roza Albetkova, along with her colleagues (teachers from Ryazan, Moscow, Orel) for some time was in search of new opportunities for teaching literature and the Russian language in educational institutions. The search results were reflected in the textbooks of R.I. Albetkova "Russian literature", which were adopted by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.
Tasks
The subject begins in grade 5. Literature is introduced when students are accepted to master literary works of various genres and systematically study the rules of the Russian language.
Objectives of the subject:
- Learn to express your own feelings and thoughts in written and verbal form.
- To master the ability to independently understand and comprehend the idea, composition and plot of a literary work.
- Mastering the laws of using the language.
- Increase your interest in reading.
The study of literature is a good opportunity for the development of word art in students, communication skills, since a significant part of the lesson is a discussion of the material read, work in groups or pairs.
Literature Albetkova
The program presented by Albetkova offers consistent assimilation of the material according to the age of the students. It consists of two stages:
- the first is the initial level, for grades 5-6;
- the second is a deeper immersion in the subject, for grades 7-9.
The manual in an accessible form on the above examples teaches you to work with any texts, analyze them, revealing the richness of the Russian language. The author also created an original system of exercises to help students to consolidate the material.
No one will be bored at such lessons. They are built on the principle of creativity, play and humor. And what is also remarkable, that there is no evaluation system, the worst job is the best job, since everyone has different abilities. But the goal of the teacher is to awaken in each student his creativity.
Gift of the word
Considering literary works as the fruits of verbal art, carefully studying them and analyzing, students acquire valuable skills and abilities:
- enrichment of vocabulary;
- the formation of aesthetic taste;
- broadening the horizons;
- fluency in the Russian literary language;
- oratory ;
- increasing the level of speech culture.
But more importantly, all this stimulates the creation of their own masterpieces, whether written or verbal.
Values and Views
Literature is a subject of philology. But in her modern editions this term was almost never used. Professor of Moscow State University Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky revived it, giving it a certain scientific meaning. He tried to build a classification of the types of literature, adapting it to the present time:
- Oral (dialogue, folklore, rumor, oratory, stage and judicial speech).
- Written (documents, essays, descriptions, letters).
- Literary (fiction, journalistic, scientific).
- Mass communication (media, film, internet).
The meaning of literature is considered in four definitions:
- science of the word;
- word art;
- gift of speech;
- community of verbal works.
Literature today
Not everyone knows that the concept of literature is the brainchild of Russian science. Its analogues in Europe do not exist. Today, the word is becoming increasingly popular and fashionable, and they are considering it not only within the framework of school education.
There is another interesting point in the teaching of literature, in which they did not come to an agreement. According to some philologists, it cannot be torn off from Orthodoxy in any way. They appeal by the facts that the very work of Russian writers and poets is closely associated with religion. It was a moral measure, through the prism of which the whole creative process took place, and it didn’t matter how god-fearing the author himself was.
Vladimir Putin, speaking at the first congress of the Society of Russian Literature, said that the preservation of language, literature and culture is a matter of preserving national identity in the global world.