Communication (as an exchange of information) plays a big role in our lives. There are many means by which information can be transmitted from partner to partner, from person to person. These methods include speech, a pause in speech, timbre of voice, tonality, facial expressions, gestures and laughter. In a general sense, they can be divided into two main groups - verbal and nonverbal.
One of the main means of communication is still the so-called “system of verbal signs”, which is used as a way to transfer and assimilate the socio-historical experience of mankind. Owning such a system allows people to exchange opinions, understand each other and just communicate.
Communication, as an exchange of information, uses the techniques of a communicator (specific encoding of transmitted data) and a recipient (decoding a received message). In the case of a different coding system (for example, using different languages), both the communicator and the recipient will not be able to find mutual understanding for the implementation of joint activities.
Verbal communication refers to speech, which is distinguished as external and internal. At the same time, external broadcasting covers oral and written speech.
Dialogue characterizes the simplest aspects of communication. Psychology gives him a rather important role. An example is the dependence of the success of negotiations on the effectiveness of the dialogue.
A monologue also characterizes spoken language, but only of one person. Basically, this type of communication is used for lectures and lectures. Here there are increased requirements for word selection, clear construction of sentences and strict logic.
Communication, as an exchange of information, is widely used in the modern world in the form of written speech. It arose later than oral speech, and its main purpose is to convey information to people who are away. The tool of such communication is a sign system.
Non-verbal means of communication include facial expressions, human appearance, gestures, laughter, the exchange of photographs, objects, drawings, as well as the spatial distribution of interlocutors. These tools are an effective complement to speech utterances. Of greatest importance among them is the appearance of a person, presented in the form of clothes and manners.
To meet the needs of mankind in joint activities, three aspects of communication are distinguished:
- perceptual (people's perception of each other);
- communicative (exchange between people information);
- interactive (interaction between people in the process of communication).
To summarize the material presented, it is necessary to highlight the following main types of communication :
- “Contact masks”, which is a formal communication. As an exchange of information, he uses familiar masks that reflect politeness, rigor, indifference, modesty, and compassion. In a big city, people often use it to isolate themselves from others.
- Formal role communication, clearly regulated in the content and means. It is based on the social role of the interlocutor, and not his personality.
- Business communication, which takes into account the characteristics of age, character, personality and mood of the interlocutor. However, in the first place are the interests of the case, and personal characteristics - in the second.
- Spiritual or interpersonal communication, allowing friends to touch on any topic. It is not necessary to use words with him - understanding a friend is possible by movement, facial expression, intonation. Such communication becomes real only with excellent knowledge of the interlocutor’s personality, as well as if the interlocutor is well aware of the interests and beliefs of another, and therefore his reactions can be easily reproduced.