The movement on rivers and seas on ships in history has been known for more than five thousand years. Today, according to generally accepted terminology, a marine vessel is a cargo, passenger or fishing large-sized craft, a ship is a military one. Enumerate the types of ships and ships can be a long time. The most famous marine ones are sailboats and yachts, passenger liners and steamboats, boats, tankers and dry cargo ships. Ships are aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers and submarines.
Ship structure
Whatever type or class the craft is related to, common structural elements are inherent in it. First of all, of course, the hull, on which superstructures of various purposes, masts and deckhouses are installed. An important element of all ships are engines and propulsors, in general, power plants. For the life of the craft, devices, systems, electrical equipment, pipelines and room equipment are important.
Sailing ships are still equipped with a mast and rigging.
The nose is called the front, stern - the rear end of the hull, its side surfaces - sides. The seafarers call the starboard side in the direction of the starboard, and the left side - the backboard.
The bottom of the ship is called the bottom or bottom; decks are horizontal ceilings. The hold of the ship is the lowest room, which is located between the bottom and lower deck. The interdeck is called twindeck.
Ship hull design
If we talk about the ship in general, whether it be a warship or a civilian ship, then its hull is a streamlined, streamlined body, hollow inside. The hull provides buoyancy of the vessel and is the base or platform on which equipment or weapons are mounted, depending on the purpose of the ship.
The type of vessel determines the shape of the hull and its size.
The hull of the ship consists of a set and casing. Bulkheads and decks are elements inherent in certain types of ships.
Sheathing can be made of wood, as in antiquity and today, plastics, welded together or riveted steel sheets or even reinforced concrete.
On the inside, to maintain the strength and shape of the hull, the lining and deck are supported by a set of beams rigidly fastened together, wooden or steel, which are located in the transverse and longitudinal directions.
In the extremities, the hull most often ends with strong beams: in the stern - stern, and in the bow - stern. The contours of the bow may be different depending on the type of vessel. Dependent on the movement of the ship, ensuring maneuverability and seaworthiness, depends on them.
The underwater nose of the ship reduces water resistance, which means that the speed of the ship increases, and fuel consumption decreases. And on icebreakers, the stem is strongly inclined forward, due to which the ship crawls on the ice and destroys it with its mass.
Body kit
The hull of any ship must have strong ties in the vertical, longitudinal and transverse directions to withstand water pressure, shock waves in any storm and other forces that act on it.
The underwater parts of the ship experience the main load. Therefore, in the middle of the bottom set, the main longitudinal connection is established, which perceives the forces arising from the longitudinal bending of the vessel - the vertical keel. It runs along the entire length of the hull, connects with the stem and the stem, and its design depends on the type of vessel.
In parallel to the keel, bottom stringers go along it, their number depends on the size of the ship and decreases towards the bow and stern, since the width of the bottom becomes smaller.
Often, to reduce the influence of the side rolling of the ship, side keels are installed, they do not go beyond the dimensions of the hull in width and have a different design.
Vertical steel sheets, called bottom floors, are installed across the hull and welded to the keel and can be permeable and impermeable.
The bead set continues the bottom set and consists of stringers (longitudinal beams) and frames (transverse stiffeners). In the shipbuilding industry, stem is considered a zero frame, and the middle frame is considered a midship.
The deck set is a system of intersecting longitudinal and transverse beams - beams.
Ship shell
The hull of the vessel consists of an external bottom and side skin and deck deck. The outer skin is made of horizontal individual belts connected in various ways: incrusted, butt-to-head, smooth, herringbone.
The underwater parts of the ship should be the most durable, so the lower (sheet pile) sheathing belt is thicker than the intermediate belts. The sheathing belt, called shirstrek, in the beams of the upper continuous deck is also the same in thickness.
Deck flooring consists of the longest sheets that rest on the deck set, and limits the interior of the ship from above. Sheets are long side along the ship. The smallest thickness of metal decking is 4 mm. Wooden flooring can be made from boards.
A deck is a combination of set and flooring.
Ship deck
The hull of the ship is divided into several decks and platforms in height. A platform is a deck that does not go along the entire length of the ship, but only between several bulkheads.
Decks are called by location on the vessel lower, middle and upper. At the ends of the ship (bow and stern) under the lower deck are platforms that are considered from top to bottom.
The number of both decks and platforms depends on the size of the vessel, its purpose and design.
River vessels and mixed vessels have one main or upper deck. Nautical, such as a passenger ship, more precisely - a passenger ship, three decks.
Large lake passenger ships have an intermediate deck, in addition to the main one, which forms the interdeck space.
A cruise ship can have significantly more decks. For example, on the Titanic there were four of them, stretching along the entire length of the vessel, two platforms that did not reach either the bow or the stern, one was interrupted in the bow, and one was located only in the front of the liner. The newest Royal Princess liner has nineteen decks .
The upper deck, it is also called the main, or main, withstands the greatest stresses in transverse compression and longitudinal bending of the hull. The deck of the ship is usually carried out with a slight rise in the center to the bow and stern and a bulge in the transverse direction, so that water falling on the deck when the sea sways is easier to drain to the sides.
Ship add-ons
Deck superstructures are deck structures located across the entire width of the vessel. They form closed volumes, which are used as office and residential premises. Onboard called superstructures, the side walls of which continue to board the ship. But most often the rooms above the upper deck do not reach the sides. Therefore, there is a somewhat conventional division into superstructures proper, which are located on a rather large length of the vessel, and logging, also superstructures, but short.
Since the upper deck of the ship is divided into sections that have their own names, the same names are given to the superstructures located on them: tank or bow, stern or jute and medium. The forecastle - the nasal superstructure - is designed to increase the bow of the hull.
The tank can occupy up to 2/3 of the length of the vessel. Cabins are located in the elongated tank on passenger ships, and cargo twins are on cargo ships.
In the aft superstructure - utah or poop - cargo ships arrange accommodations for the crew.
Between superstructures, the deck is fenced with bulwarks, which should protect the deck from flooding.
On seagoing vessels, depending on the type and purpose of the vessel, felling is performed in several tiers.
On river vessels, logging refers only to rooms where the helm and radio are located, and all other structures on the upper deck are superstructures.
Ship compartments
The structure of a ship of a military or civilian vessel implies the presence of waterproof compartments, which increase its unsinkability.
The internal vertical walls (bulkheads) are waterproof, dividing the length of the internal volume of the ship into compartments. They prevent water from filling the entire internal volume in case of damage in the underwater part of the ship and the spread of fire.
Compartments of the ship, depending on the destination, have their own names. The main power plants are installed in a compartment called the engine or engine room. The engine room from the boiler room is separated by a waterproof partition. Cargo is transported in cargo compartments (holds). The living quarters for the crew and passengers are called residential and passenger holds. Fuel is stored in the fuel compartment.
The rooms in the compartments are enclosed with light bulkheads. To get into the compartments, rectangular deck hatches are made in the deck flooring. Their sizes depend on the purpose of the compartments.
Marine power plant
The power plant on the ship is the engines and auxiliary mechanisms that not only set the ship in motion, but also provide it with electricity.
The ship is propelled by the main engine, ship propulsion, connected by a shaft line.
Auxiliary mechanisms provide the ship with electricity, desalinated water, steam.
According to the principle of operation and the type of the main engine, as well as energy sources, the ship power plant can be steam-powered or steam-turbine, diesel, diesel-turbine, gas-turbine, nuclear or combined.
Ship devices and systems
The structure of the ship is not only the hull and superstructures, it is also a ship’s device, special equipment and deck mechanisms that ensure the operation of the ship. Without a steering or anchor device, even people far from shipbuilding cannot imagine a ship. And on each ship there is a towing, mooring, boat, cargo device. All of them are powered and serviced by deck-mounted auxiliary mechanisms, which include steering machines, towing, cargo and boat winches, pumps and much more.
Ship systems are many kilometers of pipelines with pumps, devices and apparatuses, with the help of which water is pumped out from holds or drains, drinking water or foam is supplied in case of fire, heating, air conditioning and ventilation are provided.
The engine room mechanisms are serviced by a fuel system for powering engines, air for supplying compressed air, cooling engines.
With the help of electrical equipment, lighting is provided on the ship and the operation of mechanisms and devices that are powered by the ship's power plant.
All modern ships are equipped with sophisticated navigation equipment to determine the direction (course) and depths, measure speed and detect obstacles in the fog or oncoming vessels.
External and internal communication on the ship is carried out using radio equipment: radio stations, ultra-short-wave radiotelephones, ship telephone exchanges.
Ship premises
Ship premises, no matter how many there are on the ship, are divided into several groups.
These are the living quarters for the crew (officer cabins and sailor's cockpits) and for passengers (cabins of various capacities).
Passenger liner is already a rarity today. Few people allow themselves to travel at low speed over long distances. Much faster you can make a flight. Therefore, passenger cabins are already more a part of cruise ships.
Passenger cabins, especially on cruise ships, are divided into several classes according to their comfort. The simplest cabin resembles a compartment of a railway carriage with four shelves and almost without furniture, often facing the inside of the hull and without a window or window, with artificial lighting. And the Royal Princess liner provides passengers with luxurious two-room suites with balconies.
The cabin on the ship, namely on the military ship, is the rest room for the officers of the team. The ship commander and senior officers have separate single cabins.
Public premises are salons, cinemas, restaurants, libraries. For example, the Oasis of the Seas cruise ship has 20 restaurants on board, a real ice rink, a casino and a theater for 1380 spectators, a night club, a jazz club and a disco.
Sanitary facilities include sanitary facilities (laundries, showers, bathrooms, baths) and household items, which include kitchens, all kinds of storage rooms and utility rooms.
Passengers are usually denied access to office space. These are the premises in which the vessel is controlled, or the radio equipment, engine room, workshops, pantries for spare parts and other ship stocks are located.
Special purpose premises include cargo holds, storage facilities for solid or liquid fuels.
Sailing vessel
The device of a sailing ship is slightly different from a conventional ship. Only sailing weapons, a mast and rigging.
Sailing - a set of all the sails of a ship. Masts are parts that directly carry sails. These are masts, yards, rods, bowsprites, booms and other elements familiar from books about pirates of past centuries.
Special gear with which masts, bowsprites and rods are fixed in a certain position are called standing rigging, for example, cables. Such equipment remains stationary and is made of thick tar, made of plant materials, or a galvanized iron or steel cable, and in some places - chains.
Movable gear, with which the sails are set and removed, perform other operations related to the management of a sailing vessel, are called running rigging. These are sheets, halyards and other elements made of flexible steel, synthetic or hemp cables.
In all other respects, even in the number of decks, sailing ships look like brothers.
A multi-decker under sail appeared in the 16th century. In Spanish galleons, depending on the displacement, there could be from 2 to 7 decks. The superstructure was also built in several tiers, which housed living quarters for team officers and passengers.
The structure of the ship, at least its basic structural elements, does not depend on the type and purpose of the ship, whether it be sailboats set in motion by the force of the wind blowing sails, or wheeled steamers with a steam engine as a mover, cruise ships with a steam turbine installation, or nuclear icebreakers.