Literacy is a must for many people. In our country, a total dictation is held annually. Important officials and people of other professions in dozens of cities carefully think about how to spell a particular word, where to put a soft sign, comma, dash, etc. There is something to think about, because Russian is not such a simple language. And it is impossible to write accurately on it without knowing the rules.
The issue of spelling is especially acute for schoolchildren. After all, dictations are not held for them once a year. They write test papers almost weekly in various subjects. Therefore, they should know not only the rules given in this article, but also others. For example, be able to spell English adjective suffixes correctly. Or to know when some famous figure was born and died ...
Suffixes -chiv, -liv, -iv, -ev. Exception Words
They say that one must climb into the water in order to learn how to swim, and in order to learn to write without mistakes, one must train, develop the skill of literate writing.
The choice of vowels in this morpheme depends on several reasons: stress, hardness or softness of the previous sound, meaning. And even the origin of the name of the adjective. Accent and literate writing are connected with each other due to the fact that only stressed vowels are clearly audible in the stream of our speech, but with unstressed letters is more difficult. But you do not know the rules - errors will appear.
Remember! If you doubt which adjective suffixes to write, emphasize: -iv- if it is stressed, and -ev- if it is unstressed (playful, false, but key); -chiv-, -liv- are derivatives of –iv , so that is written in them (assiduous, noisy). Exception: holy fool, gracious.
Now check yourself: zero ... howling, caring ... howling, games ... howling, gracious ... howling, more ... howling, arrogant ... howling, trusting ... howling. (Answers: e, and, and, and, e, and, and).
Suffixes -ow, -owat and -ev, -evat
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov did not like ugly, dissonant sounds and in every possible way avoided the use of hissing and whistling. Our spelling cannot do without them.
After spelling the suffixes - ov -, - ev - after the unloved by the classics w, w, w often think. Letters o and e sound equally confused. And everything is simple: o - percussion, and without stress - e (cumulus, penny, plush).
And if the stress falls on the root or prefix? In this case, adjective suffixes become dangerous for an illiterate person. Here you need to remember the rules! The last letter of the stem is a solid consonant? Suffixes -ov-, -ovat-, -ovit- (rude) should be written. And if a soft consonant, hissing or c, then -ev-, -evat-, -evit- (key, glossy, apple, blind).
And now we’ll check our knowledge: a gift ... twisted, demanding ... watchman ... howl, gender ... howl, blue ... cotton, canvas ... high, well done ... cotton. (Answers: o, o, e, e, e, o, e).
Suffixes -onk and -enk
It is impossible not to be surprised at the possibilities of the Russian language. In order for a word to change its meaning, it is enough to replace the suffix in it. And now the fat turns into a plump one, and a thin one into a slender one. Expresses a completely different attitude to the subject of speech. Shades of empathy, affectionateness, irony, neglect, as well as a real decrease give the words the suffixes of the adjectives -onk- and -enk-. Only high-quality adjectives have the ability to use these formative tools.
Adjectives with a diminutive meaning are formed by the suffix –enk and –onk (blue, plump).
After the letters r, k, x, -onk and -enk are also possible (easy and easy).
Check yourself! Bad ... cue, round ... cue, beautiful ... cue, good ... cue (ooh, e, e, e).
To show the attitude to what they are talking about, they help and -hot, -heon, -usenka, -yusenk (quiet, tiny, tiny).
Suffixes –ensk, –insk. Exceptions
Adjectives are formed not only from common nouns, but also from proper nouns and geographical names. Morphemes -insk- and -ensk- are used to form such words. Unstressed adjective suffixes sound fuzzy. Such speech situations arise when it is necessary to write and use the word in oral speech. An improperly formed form cuts the ear. Do not want to make a mistake - remember the rule.
The suffix –insk– serves for the formation of nouns with the final –a, –i, –i. (Yalta - Yalta, Mytishchi - Mytishchi, Catherine - Catherine). In other cases, the suffix –ensk is used (Grozny - Grozny, Grodno - Grodno).
Russian language is beautiful. And he does not tolerate dissonance, so there are exceptions to the rules that are worth learning. These are Presnensky (from Presnya), Penza (from Penza), Kolomna (from Kolomna), etc.
It is impossible to remember exceptions from all the rules, and it is not necessary. In case of difficulty, you should refer to dictionaries and reference books.
The spelling of adjectives formed from nouns on –shka, the words "wind" and "oil"
Nouns with the final -shka (frog, cat) form adjectives, the spelling of which you need to know the following: it says "frog" and "frog", feline - feline. Both spellings are correct. Only the stress is different.
The spelling of some adjectives is related to their lexical meaning. From the words “wind” and “oil” one can form word forms having different adjective suffixes. Examples of such words: anemone - chickenpox, oil - butter. There are no errors here.
Worth remembering! 1. Windy (with the meaning of "wind" in the literal and figurative meaning. Wind on the street (straight.) And wind in the head (trans.) 2. Wind (with the value of "sets in motion the force of the wind"). 3. Chicken pox ( from the colloquial word "chickenpox"). 4. Oily (consists of any oil). 5. Oily (greased, soaked, stained with oil). 6. Oily eyes (figurative meaning). 7. Pancake week - Oily week.
Suffixes –sk and –k. Exceptions
“It is not a shame to not know, a shame not to learn,” reads the wisdom of the people. And to replenish knowledge is always worth it. Often the spelling of adjective suffixes is difficult. In the words "sharp" and "sailor" the end of the word sounds the same. How to choose the right spelling? We reason like this. Since adjectives are formed from the basis of a noun, then we select this basis and see which letter is the last (weaver - weaver). If k, h, c - boldly substitute the suffix -k. Alternation may occur. This is a normal occurrence. Are there no such letters? Define a short form from the adjective . Happened? Then boldly write the suffix -k.
At the end of the base, not k, h, q (giant - giant), and a short form cannot be formed - we can safely write the suffix -sk .
Remember: b before -sk- is written only after l, as well as in words: day-day, month names, but “January” is written without a soft sign.
Adjectives at –at: suffixes –chatch, –chat
Mikhail Sholokhov said that for thousands of years the language of the people has been accumulating treasures of thought and experience. Formed from nouns with the help of the suffix - schat - , --chat - words as if from centuries ago brought mystery and charm (iridescent, log, patterned). Denote the presence in large quantities of what is expressed by the basis (fragmentary).
The spelling of adjective suffixes depends on the letters in front. Alternation occurs, from this the composition of the morpheme, the sound, changes.
An error may occur while writing.
Board at (from the board sk / sch).
Smoke chat (from smoke).
Bar-chat-to-a (from the bar).
Skull-chat-y (tiles / c).
Adjectives with such suffixes are widely used in professional and terminological vocabulary.
Spelling "n" and "nn" in adjectives not formed from verbs
“The old abandoned garden was beautiful in its desolation of the picture,” read the classic. But in order to excel in literacy on dictation, one must remember the rule of how to choose the suffixes of adjectives and participles. The difficulty is that by ear it is impossible to determine whether “n” or “nn” is to be chosen.
Remember the rule! If forgotten, look in the reference book. Next, we analyze how this word was formed (picture-n — the basis on – n, but the suffix – n was added - this is doubled “n”).
“Nn” is also written when the adjective appeared with the suffix ––––––– (excursion – n, craft – n – n).
The letter "n" in adjective suffixes is written if in the word –in-, -an-, -yan- (os-in, leather-an-nt).
Exceptions:
1) glass, pewter, wooden;
2) young, green, pork, spicy, drunk, windy, crimson.
The spelling "n", "nn" in adjective suffixes makes you puzzle if you do not know the rules. Therefore, they should be trained.
The spelling of "n" and "nn" in nouns and adverbs in -o, formed from unverbal adjectives. Words to spell
The vocabulary of our language is constantly growing. One of the ways of replenishment is the formation of new names of objects and phenomena from the names of adjectives. "H", "nn" in adjective suffixes determines the number of letters in educated nouns. Examples: a drawing room - a hotel, a related - a relative, a wood burning - a wood burning man, an equestrian - a cavalry.
Adjectives can also form adverbs with the final -o. Interestingly, the suffixes of adverbs and adjectives are the same. The number of "n" also matches. You can check the spelling of "n", "nn" in adverbs by selecting the full adjective from which the adverb is formed. Write as many of these letters as in the original adjective. Examples: courageously - courageous, magnificent - magnificent, excitedly - excited.
Remember the spelling of the following words: welcome, smart, uninvited guest, named brother, unseen, unheard of, etc.