Linguists have no definite opinion on whether to consider the participle and the sacrament as independent parts of speech or whether these are just special forms of the verb. One way or another, both of them are firmly connected with the verb according to morphological characteristics and meaning. The meaning determines which questions the sacrament answers, as well as the participle.
Participle
This part of speech has not only verb characteristics, but also adjective features. Linguists give different definitions of communion. Professor A. M. Peshkovsky calls it the mixed part of speech, V. V. Vinogradov calls the participle a hybrid verb-adjective form that combines the specifics of the verb with the features of the adjective. The participle, like the adjective, indicates the attribute of the object, but not simple, but the attribute in action, and this makes it related to the verb.
What questions does the sacrament answer
Since we are talking about the sign of an object (albeit in action), the sacrament is characterized by the questions: which (second, second, second)? Brief Communion answers the questions: what? what are
Now let's see which morphological features the participle inherited from the verb, and which from the adjective. We will find out what questions the participle answers in different grammatical forms.
Verbal signs of the sacrament
Like the verb, the participle has the form, recurrence, tense, short and full forms in the passive voice.
Communions can be perfect and imperfect: chopped log hut / chopped bitches.
The sacraments are irrevocable and refundable: the one who carries the truth / the one who is at full speed.
Sacraments are used only in two tenses - the present and the past: the child playing / playing the violin.
Real Communion and Passionate
Depending on whether the object itself performs an action or whether it takes upon itself the action of another object or person, the participles are divided into two categories: real and passive.
The true participle answers the questions: which (s, s, s)? Its meaning is to express the sign of an object that independently performs an action. (Example: Schoolchildren who plant larch take care of a tree.)
In real participles in the present tense, the following suffixes are written: -ash- (-yash-), -ush- (-yush-) . In the past tense, these participles are written with the suffixes -vsh-, -sh- . (Examples: bearing, reading, breathing, dependent, reading, carrying.)
Passive participles respond to the same questions as the real ones, and indicate the sign of an object that has undergone someone else's action. (Example: Larch, planted by guys, took root well.)
This is how suffixes are written to suffer. participles: -nn-, -nen-, -om- (-em-), -im-, -t- . (Examples: carried, readable, dependent, readable, embedded, washed.)
In the passive voice, both full and short participles are encountered. What questions does it answer? This: what? what is it what? and what are they? (Examples: a tree planted by schoolchildren, juice drunk yesterday, a shirt embroidered on the collar, vegetables grown in the garden.)
Signs of the adjective in the participle
Like the adjective, the participle can vary in numbers, childbirth, and in full form - in cases. Here it is not difficult to determine what questions the participle used in a specific case answers. Examples:
- Nominative case: a person (what?) Thinking, notebooks (what?) Written down.
- Genitive: a person (what?) Thinking, notebooks (what?) Written down.
- Dative case: a person (what?) Thinking, notebooks (what?) Written down.
- Accusative case: a person (what?) Thinking, notebooks (what?) Written down.
- The instrumental case: a person (what?) Thinking, notebooks (what?) Written down.
- Prepositional case: about a person (what?) Thinking, about notebooks (what?) Written down.
Features of punctuation of the participial turnover
Communion, in which there is a dependent word, is the sacrament. It is separated by commas if it is after the word that defines. (Example: Oak, lonely growing on the plain, was for me a kind of lighthouse.)
Communion does not require commas if it is placed before the word being defined. (Example: A lonely oak growing on a plain was a kind of lighthouse for me.)
Sacrament syntax
This part of speech most often appears in a sentence as a definition. “Kinship” with the verb makes the participle able to be in the sentence a part of the compound predicate, however, this is available only to short forms of the participle. And the participle turnover, which is an indivisible construction and in the sentence, the whole is a member of the sentence, can generally be any secondary member.
Communion
This part of speech can be figuratively interpreted as an active participle (dei + participle). His questions are more reminiscent of questions for verbs than for adjectives, as in the sacrament. The task of the participle is to designate an additional action with the existing main, which is expressed by the verb. We can say that the sacrament adorns the verb: "She walked, looking at the autumn trees." In this part of speech, the characteristics of a verb and an adverb are adjacent. With the verb, the participle is related by the fact that it is returnable, has perfect and imperfect forms. The similarity with the adverb is imprinted in its immutability.
Questions that are asked to the participle
The participles of the perfect form express the completed additional action, and therefore they imply the question "what did you do?" (Examples: playing the piano, making a toast, breaking a branch.) They usually form from the base of the perfect infinitive, to which the suffix morphemes -in, -lice, -shi are added . Sometimes germs of owls. species are formed from the stem of the verbs of the future tense, then the suffix –a, (––) is used .
The participles of the imperfect type express an additional action, which still lasts, it is not finished. The question is also relevant: what is doing ?. (Examples: playing the piano, making a toast, breaking a branch.) This category of participles is created by adding the present tense and the imperfect form of the suffix –a (s) to the base. And the suffix -uchi helps to create germs of nesov . view from the verb "to be": being.
The peculiarity of punctuation of the participle is that it is always highlighted with commas in the sentence. An exception can be called only those participles that have passed into adverbs, in this case they are located after the verb and imply the question: how ?. (Example: People watched in silence.)
Participial turnover
The participle plus the dependent word is the participle turnover. In a letter, he, like a solitary communion, always stands out with commas. Exceptions are participles, which have become phraseological units. (Example: Work up your sleeves.)
The syntactic role in germs is always the same - circumstance.
We found out what questions the sacrament and the participle answers, and also saw the features of which parts of speech carry these special forms of the verb.