The Russian language, in addition to the independent and auxiliary parts of speech, is rich in so-called special forms. These include returnable participles and all types of participles in general. Many linguists still cannot agree on this part of speech. Some argue that this is an independent part of speech, while others say that the role of the verb in the formation and use of the participle is too great to speak of its independence.
Definition
To begin with, remember what is gerimony? This is an independent part of speech or it is also called a special form of the verb, which means action in the main action. Answers the questions “What are you doing?”, “What are you doing?”
Similar verb forms are in many languages except Russian: in Latin, French, and others, it is called gerund.
By its origin, the participle belongs to the impersonal form, in other words to the short form of the participle in the nominative case. And it arose because of the loss of the form of the declension of impersonal communion.
Double nature
The participle of any kind is often confused with a verb or adverb. And all because this part of speech has a dual nature.
Consider the following attributes of the verb and adverb of the participle:
Verb Attribute | Adverb Sign |
View availability | - Immutability;
- Depends on the verb - the predicate;
- A type of subordinate relationship is adjacency.
|
Perfect | Imperfect |
- What matters is the action that has already happened before the one indicated by the predicate;
- Answers the question “What have you done?”;
- Suffixes: -v, -lice, -vsh.
Example: breaking, building, smiling. | - It will matter if you take an additional action with the one indicated by the predicate;
- Answers the question “What are you doing?”;
- Suffixes: a
(-I). Example: overcoming, building, smiling. |
Transitional | Intransitive |
He has a dependent word in the accusative case without an excuse. Example: exploring the area | It does not have a dependent word in the accusative case. Example: walking, enjoying |
Return |
Returnable | Irrevocable | |
- The reflexive form of participles is formed from the reflexive verb;
- Suffixes: - smiling.
Example: bathing (from swimming), swimming off (from swimming) | - The irrevocable form of participles is formed from an irrevocable verb ;
- Suffixes: - I,
-in. Example: discovering (from building), building (from building) |
Syntactic role |
The sentence is a circumstance of the course of action. Example (irretrievable gerunds) : I listened without interrupting. Without thinking of anything bad , the travelers advanced towards the rocks. Example (returnable participle): Having returned , I found only my father at home. |
Writing with no
In frequent cases, the participle with the particle “not” is written separately (because everyone remembers the well-known rule: “not” with the verbs is written separately).
Example: not reading, not deciding.
But there are, as you know, exceptions to the rules. Returnable participle and other forms of this part of speech with the “not” particle will be written together if:
- The participle is formed from verbs that are not used without “no” (indignation, underestimation, overlooking);
- The participle is formed from verbs with the prefix "under-" (undersalt, lack of sleep).
In addition, any word and its spelling must be looked at in context. The insidious Russian language can bring surprises; even reference points to the suffixes of returnable participles and irrevocable ones will not be able to help.
Example: “not eating” and “malnutrition”.
Sister goes to university without eating breakfast. - Here the word is used in the context of "does not eat whole."
During the war, people could live undernourished for months. - Here the word is used in the context of "not fed up, were almost hungry."
Syntactic role
Returnable participles, as well as other types of participles, have the following features:
- Adjacent to the verb-predicate, being a circumstance.
- Do not conjugate.
- Rarely adjoin a nominal predicate, which is a noun or a short adjective.
- Adjacent to the predicate, denoting the additional action that accompanies the main action expressed by the predicate;
- Replacement of the conjugated form of the verb is possible.
In written speech, adverbial expressions are found , which are distinguished by commas.