In the world a huge number of the most diverse phenomena. For each of them in the language there is a name. If it names a whole group of objects, then such a word is a household name. When there is a need to name one subject from a number of homogeneous ones, then the language has its own names for this.
Common and proper nouns
Common nouns are called such nouns that immediately denote a whole class of objects, united by some common signs. For instance:
- Each water stream can be called in one word - a river.
- Any plant with a trunk and branches is a tree.
- All animals of gray color, large, with a trunk instead of a nose are called elephants.
- A giraffe is any animal with a long neck, small horns and high growth.
Proper names are nouns that distinguish one subject from the whole class of similar phenomena. For instance:
- The dog’s name is Buddy.
- My cat's nickname is Murka.
- This river is the Volga.
- The deepest lake is Baikal.
When we know what our own name is, we can perform the following task.
Practical task number 1
Which nouns are their own?
Moscow; town; Land; planet; A bug; dog; Vlad; boy; a radio station; "Lighthouse".
Capital letter in proper nouns
As you can see from the first task, proper names, unlike common nouns, are capitalized. Sometimes it happens that the same word is spelled with a small letter, then with a capital:
- bird eagle, city Eagle, ship "Eagle";
- strong love, girl Love;
- early spring, lotion "Spring";
- riverine willow, restaurant "Willow".
If you know what your own name is, then to understand the reason for this phenomenon is simple: with a capital letter they write words denoting individual objects in order to separate them from others of the same.
Quotes for own names
In order to know how to correctly use quotation marks in your own names, you need to learn the following: proper names, denoting phenomena in the world, created by human hands, are isolated. Quotation marks in this case are quotation marks:
- New World newspaper;
- Do-it-yourself magazine
- Amta factory;
- Hotel "Astoria";
- ship "Swift".
Transition of words from common to own and vice versa
It cannot be said that the distinction between the ranks of proper and common nouns is unshakable. Sometimes common names become proper. We talked about the rules for writing them above. What can you name your own names? Examples of transition from the category of common nouns:
- cream "Spring";
- perfume "Jasmine";
- Cinema "Dawn";
- magazine "Worker".
Proper names also easily become generalized names for homogeneous phenomena. Below are your own names, which can already be called a household name:
- These are to me young donjuans!
- We mark in Newtons, but we do not know the formulas themselves;
- All of you are Pushkins, until you write a dictation.
Practical task number 2
What sentences contain proper nouns?
1. We decided to meet at the Ocean.
2. In the summer I swam in the real ocean.
3. Anton decided to give his beloved perfume “Rose”.
4. The rose was cut in the morning.
5. We are all Socrates in our kitchen.
6. This idea was first put forward by Socrates.
Classification of proper names
It would seem easy to learn what a proper name is, but you still need to repeat the main thing - proper names are assigned to one item from a whole series. It is advisable to classify the following series of phenomena:
A number of phenomena | Own names, examples |
Names of people, last names, patronymic | Ivan, Vanya, Ilyushka, Tatyana, Tanya, Tanyukha, Ivanov, Lysenko, Belykh Gennady Ivanovich, Alexander Nevsky. |
Animal nicknames | Bobik, Murka, Dawn, Ryaba, Karjukha, Gray Neck. |
Geographical Names | Lena, Sayans, Baikal, Azov, Black, Novosibirsk. |
The names of objects created by human hands | “Red October”, “Mouth Front”, “Aurora”, “Health”, “Kies-kis”, “Chanel No. 6”, “Kalashnikov”. |
The names of people, surnames, patronymics, nicknames of animals are animated nouns, and the geographical names and designations of everything created by man are inanimate. Own names are characterized in this way in terms of animation category.
Plural proper names
It is necessary to dwell on one point, which is due to the semantics of the studied language units. The peculiarities of their own names are that they are rarely used in the plural. You can use them to designate several items if they have the same proper name:
- There are several Alexandrovs in our class.
- In the younger group there were six Nast.
The surname can be used in multiples. number in two cases. Firstly, if it means a family, people who are in a kinship relationship:
- The Ivanovs decided to gather for dinner with the whole family.
- Spouses Karenina lived in St. Petersburg.
- The Zhurbin dynasty had a century of work at a metallurgical plant.
Secondly, if they call namesakes:
- In the registry you can find hundreds of Ivanovs.
- They are my full namesakes: Grigoryev Alexandra.
Proper names - inconsistent definitions
One of the tasks of the exam in the Russian language requires knowledge of what is its own name. Graduates are required to establish correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors made in them . One of these is a violation in the construction of a proposal with an uncoordinated application. The fact is that the proper name, which is an uncoordinated application, does not change in cases with the main word. Examples of such sentences with grammatical errors are given below:
- Lermontov was not enthusiastic about his poem “Demon” (poem “Demon”).
- Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in the novel The Brothers Karamazov (in the novel The Brothers Karamazov).
- A lot is said and written about the film “Taras Bulba” (About the film “Taras Bulba”).
If the proper name acts as an addition, that is, in the absence of a definable word, then it can change its form:
- Lermontov was not enthusiastic about his "Demon."
- Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in The Brothers Karamazov.
- A lot is said and written about Taras Bulba.
Practical task number 3
Which sentences have errors?
1. We stood for a long time at the painting "Burlakov on the Volga".
2. In The Hero of His Time, Lermontov sought to uncover the problems of his era.
3. The "Journal of Pechorin" reveals the evils of a secular person.
4). In the story "Maxim Maksimych" reveals the image of a beautiful man.
5. In his opera The Snow Maiden, Rimsky-Korsakov sang love as the highest ideal of mankind.