Let's talk about the spelling of various words and the rules of the Russian language - both simple and insidious. Today we will analyze such a rule as the spelling of prefixes and the separate writing of prepositions.
Prefix - what is it?
Before trying to understand how to write the prefix correctly, let's remember what it is. The prefix (in scientific terminology - the prefix) is a morpheme that is in front of the root and serves to form new words: swim - swim, swim, swim.
There is a word in Russian in which the prefix is ​​in an atypical place - between the roots. This is the word worldview. But these are the subtleties of morphemic, in this article we will not touch on them. The topic of this review will be the continuous writing of prefixes and cases of hyphenation between the prefix and the root.
Prefix and preposition
The prefix cannot exist separately from the word. In this case, this is an excuse. As we recall, an excuse is not a morpheme, but a part of speech that connects words into phrases. But the prefix can be written with a hyphen! And each part of the speech has its own cases of such writing and ways to distinguish the prefix from the preposition. Most of them will seem familiar to someone from school, and some may be a revelation.
The joint writing of prefixes and the separate writing of prepositions is the grammar rule, which is considered one of the main ones. To be able to correctly write prefixes in words is very important so as not to be considered illiterate. So let's learn!
An interesting science of etymology, studying the history of words, claims that most prefixes are derived from prepositions. In modern language, these prefixes correspond in meaning to a similar pretext: joyless - without joy, the river - across the river. But there are those who do not have a similar pretext. For example, carriage, pra-, re-, raz- and others.
Prefixes that are always written together
The joint writing of prefixes for the Russian language is considered the norm (in the event that we find out that this is the prefix, and not the pretext).
Russian prefixes are written together with the words without-, on, pre-, o-, ob-, s-, from-, ras-, vos-, bottom-, super-, between-, through-, under-, above- , b-, pri-, pre-, pro, pra- , a rare prefix pa- (for example, in the word stepson ) and many others. Examples: joyless, heartless, backstory, make, use up, source, enormous, squat, dash, unpack, gaze, call and so on.
Some words have foreign prefixes, most of which are also supposed to be written together. These are prefixes anti-, archi-, a-, des-, ir-, trans- and some others: illogical, transcontinental, irrational, misinformation.
There are Russian prefixes, which in certain cases can be written with a hyphen. This is-, in- (in-), something . They will be devoted to separate sections of the article.
Cases to Remember
Among prefixes of foreign origin there are those whose writing should be remembered.
- The prefix ex in the meaning of “former, past” is written with a hyphen: ex-president, ex-leader, ex-favorite.
- The prefix counter- is written with a hyphen in the word rear-admiral . Other words with such a prefix are supposed to be written together: counterparty, counterattack.
When writing words of foreign origin or containing parts of foreign origin, it is better to refer to the dictionary, as they may not obey the rules of the Russian language.
Next, we continue to study the continuous writing of prefixes and the separate writing of prepositions, examples and cases of using atypical, rare prefixes will also be presented.
Warm up: verb and prefix
Let's start with this, perhaps, the simplest rule: how to determine whether the prefix is ​​before us or the preposition, if it comes to a verb? There can only be one answer: this is a prefix. In what word? In any! If a word is a verb, then it can never be preposed. And that means that what caused our difficulty is just a prefix, and you need to merge it to write. I ran into a tree, read about the sea , etc. There are no exceptions. Try to make a sentence so that before the verb was a preposition. Does not exceed? That’s the whole story! The spelling of prefixes in the verb is the rule without exception.
Do not forget about the insidious word "not", which can be misleading and seem like an excuse. NOT is not a pretext, NOT is a particle, because it does not serve to connect words, but introduces a negative connotation of meaning. And the particle is NOT written with verbs, of course, separately (except for those words that are not used without it and in which this most is NOT, most likely, part of the root).
Spelling of prefixes - independent parts of speech
The school program takes many hours to learn how to write consoles. The continuous writing of prefixes and the separate writing of prepositions (Grade 5, Grades 6 and 7) are explained over many lessons in the study of almost all parts of speech.
Although the rule is not considered the most difficult, it is precisely in the spelling of prefixes that errors often occur. Not only schoolchildren, but also adults often puzzle over whether to write a word together or separately, an excuse in front of it or a prefix. In order not to rack your brains, you just need to understand and remember a few simple rules to which the coherent writing of consoles obeys. We will consider examples in the following sections of the article and pay attention to each part of speech separately.
Prefixes of nouns and adjectives
This rule is also not the most difficult. The joint spelling of prefixes (Grade 3 already devotes lessons to this rule) of nouns and adjectives is very simple to check. You can’t put another word or semantic question between the prefix and the word, and between the preposition and the word you can: coastal - at (what?) Court, prankster - about a (interesting) story.
Recall that the preposition can refer only to the noun, even if the adjective “wedges in between”.
Insidious adverb
Things are more complicated with this part of speech. In this case, it is easy to determine whether the prefix is ​​before us or the preposition (before the adverb, as before the verb, the preposition cannot stand). The difficulty is that the prefix with an adverb is written not only together, but also through a hyphen. The continuous writing of prefixes in adverbs, the rules for setting a hyphen - all this deserves close attention.
So, the first part of the rule: prefixes with adverbs are written together in most cases (except for those that require a hyphen, but they will be discussed below). Wasted, scared, bald, sideways, etc.
The second part of the rule concerns several prefixes, which in adverbs can be written with a hyphen. The next section of the article is devoted to them.
Spelling Prefixes for Adverbs with a Hyphen
When it comes to dialects, continuous spelling of prefixes is a rule with some caveat, because in this part of speech prefixes are often written with a hyphen. There are not many cases of hyphenation in adverbs , and this section of the article will require only a couple of points. So, prefixes in adverbs are written with a hyphen, if:
- This prefix is ​​po, and the adverb has suffixes to -th or -th: in a good, business-like way.
- This prefix is, and the adverb has a suffix -i: in brotherly, in Arabic.
- This is a prefix in- (in-), and the adverb has suffixes of -th or -th: tenth, first, fourth, etc. Such words are formed from ordinal numbers, and in the sentence most often play the role of introductory words.
The prefix is NOT with nouns, adjectives and adverbs
Spelling the prefix NOT with different words always stands apart from other rules. This is a very difficult prefix, with each part of the speech and in each case behaves differently. But there are several general rules for nouns, adjectives and adverbs that distinguish the prefix NOT from the negative particle NOT.
- If a word with NOT can be replaced by a similar meaning, then it is NOT a prefix: quiet - quiet, dim - dull, hostility - hostility.
- If a word with NOT in a sentence has or has in mind a contrast, then it is NOT a particle and is written separately: not deeply, but finely; not pleasant, but repulsive; not a lamp, but a floor lamp; he is not my husband (it means that someone else).
- In words that are not used without NOT (such as a slut, careless, absurd, you can’t do others), NOT is not a prefix, but part of the root. In such words, it can be difficult to correctly distinguish morphemes if you do not know their etymology (i.e. origin).
Pronouns and prefixes
Pronouns are a special group of words that do not mean anything, but only indicate an object or sign. Their morphemic composition is also atypical. As a rule, these are short monosyllabic or two-syllable words: you, they, such as , etc. In the pronouns the fusion of prefixes, examples of which will follow, is a rather interesting, but easy rule.
Perhaps the only prefix that pronouns can have is the prefix NOT. It occurs in negative pronouns and is written together with them if there is no preposition between the prefix and the word. No one - no one, no one - no one, once, nowhere, no reason.
Recall that in negative pronouns the prefix is ​​NOT only stressed. If the stress falls on another part of the word, then write NI. Someone came up to us - nobody wanted to leave; no one to admire - I don’t admire anyone; no one to walk with - I’m not talking to anyone; a few letters - I have no regrets.
There is a prefix that happens only in pronouns and is written with a hyphen. This prefix is ​​something: somehow, some, here and there. Detached from the word, i.e. written with him separately, this prefix in the event that any pretext "wedges in": someone’s, something for something, something about.
Tricky consoles half and half
The prefix gender is usually found in nouns, and its insidiousness is that it is spelled together, then through a hyphen. When do you need to put a hyphen?
- If after the prefix any vowel sound follows: half an apple, half a watermelon, half Arkhangelsk.
- If after the prefix - the capital letter: half Sochi, half Paris, half Kaliningrad.
- If after the prefix there is a consonant -l-: half-lime, half-palm, half-London.
In other cases, the prefix half is written together: half a class, half a house, half a city, half a village, and so on.
With the prefix, semi- everything is much simpler: it is always written together, no matter what part of the speech the word refers to: short fur coat, half-finished, semi-literate.
The joint writing of prefixes of half- and half- and cases of staging a hyphen is one of the most easily remembered rules from this topic.
Rare consoles
We continue to study the continuous writing of prefixes. Examples of a variety of prefixes of the Russian language are unlimited. Who would have thought that in the Russian language, for example, the prefix is ​​u-, and it occurs only in one word - the holy fool (its analogue is the modern prefix u-, for example, in the word freak).
The prefix vza- is found in just a few words: on loan, on re-launch, a draw-in, and some others.
The prefix under-, perhaps, will come across to us only in a few words: gradually and gradually.
Ku- is found in the words to kumekuvat, squeeze and some others. It is believed that it is also in the word curls.
Pa in the modern language can be found only in three words: stepdaughter, stepson and high water . As you can see, such a prefix is ​​only under stress.
Such interesting prefixes are found in the words of the Russian language. And it is not always immediately possible to understand that this is a prefix!
To summarize
So, what did we learn while reading the article? Firstly, the phrase "continuous and separate writing of prefixes" is erroneous: prefixes can only be written together (in rare cases, through a hyphen), and if they are written separately from the word, then this is a pretext.
Secondly, we learned (or maybe just remembered) how to distinguish a prefix from a preposition. Each part of the speech has its own rules that every competent person should know, since the ability to distinguish a prefix from a preposition is the basics of grammar.
Almost every prefix corresponds to a pretext similar in meaning, and only a few prefixes do not.
The prefix does NOT have an analogue not a pretext, but a particle. Distinguishing between prefixes and particles is NOT a special rule, considered one of the most difficult in spelling. Each part of the speech has its own nuances.
Prefixes can be written through a hyphen only in adverbs or pronouns, as well as the prefix gender in nouns. There are very few such consoles; it is very easy to learn them. In adverbs, these are prefixes in-, in-, in- (in the presence of certain suffixes), in pronouns - the prefix is ​​something- (in the absence of a preposition between it and the word).
Particular attention is required to prefixes half- and semi-. They are written in accordance with a clear rule: half can be written together and with a hyphen, and half can only be written together.
Be sure to remember the most important rule of distinguishing between a preposition and a prefix: a prefix cannot be “torn” from a word by a question or a qualifying word, while a preposition from a word can be separated very easily.
We studied the integral spelling of prefixes, examples of hyphenation, and we hope that this rule will not cause any difficulties for anyone else. Let’s write competently!