Since wood is one of the oldest building materials that has been used for a very long time, there are many methods suitable for processing this material. One of these methods was planing wood. The operation is quite old, but it is with the help of it that it is possible to give the desired shape and size to the workpiece.
Modern wood processing
To date, there are two ways to conduct this operation. It can take place manually, and can be carried out mechanically. If we talk about the mechanical style of processing, the most widespread operation is carried out on a planer.
Since today the technology is developed quite strongly, the machines began to be equipped with programmed controls, robotic systems, and automatic lines. All these improvements have led to the fact that the processing on the machines has become better, and also managed to significantly increase the accuracy indicators.
Planing technology. general description
Wood planing technology or the general technological process is that part of the process during which the shape, size or properties of the processed material are changed. In addition, since wood is a fairly demanding material for processing, the whole process is divided into several stages. The first stage is drying, because if you do not dry the workpiece, then it will be skewed in the future. This is followed by the stage of cutting the material into blanks of the desired size. The next stage is just wood planing or any mechanical processing of wood, the purpose of which is to give the desired shape and fit it to the desired size.
It is also worth noting that the sequence of technological operations may vary. It depends on the type of raw material, on the method of decoration, on the organization of production, etc.
The essence of wood planing is that all the roughness, warping and other defects are eliminated from the surface of the workpiece. It is worth noting here that most often these defects occur after the wood harvest passes the sawing stage. Sawing is a process of cutting wood, in which the direction of the line coincides with the direction of the working movement. That is, sawing and planing of wood are two main processing methods, the technology of which is quite simple, but it is with its help that all wood raw materials take their form.
Manual planing. Tools for work
As the main tool for working with manual processing is a planer. With its help all planes are processed. You can also use joiners or shekhebeli. The body of almost all plows consists of such parts as a block, horns, emphasis, knife, wedge. A wedge is necessary in order to be able to fix the knife in the block. For manual planing of wood, a knife is used here, which is used as a steel plate. The thickness of the element is 3 mm, and is made of carbon tool steel of grades U8 or U9. The lower part is necessarily hardened.
The block is presented in the form of a rectangular bar of wood. The front part of this part at the sherbel or planer is equipped with a horn mounted on top. The joiners behind the knife have a handle. In addition, the shoe has a sole. It is this part that wears out the fastest in the area that is located in front of the span. For this reason, in some cases, a pentagonal insert of the most durable wood is glued to a regular sole. When planing wood with a planer, it is necessary that the knife rests evenly on the rear side of the notch. To do this, it must be made perfectly smooth. Behind the end of the knife there is also an emphasis, which is necessary so that the handle does not rub the hand during operation.
Cherkhebel is a tool that is used only for initial processing. In other words, roughing is carried out with planing. The knife of this tool is presented in the form of an oval cutter. With its help, the surface layer is removed, however, after its operation, sufficiently deep hollows remain.
The next tool is a planer. The planing of wood with this tool is also primary, and it consists of about the same elements as the sherbel. A significant difference lies in the fact that the knife is made in the form of a rectangle, and its edges are slightly sharpened so as not to tear up the wood during processing. It is used to level surfaces previously treated with sherbel.
Methods of operation
Types of wood planing are divided into manual and mechanical, but they, in turn, can also be carried out in different ways. Before proceeding to the procedure itself, it is necessary to carefully inspect the preform and determine which direction the fibers go. It is also important to understand the degree of roughness of the wood. There is an important rule. Wood planing is always carried out on a layer. In other words, you need to lead the tool in the direction of the output of the cut annual and skew layers. This is important, as the right choice of direction will help facilitate the whole process. In addition, roughness will remain less. When working with tools such as sherbel or planer, you need to hold them as follows: hold the horn with your left hand, and the right hand supports the tool stop. If a jointer or a half jointer is used for work, then the handle is taken in the right hand, the left palm is placed on the block.
Naturally, this operation must be carried out in accordance with strict safety rules. Sawing and planing of wood is possible only with those tools that are sharpened and correctly sharpened, as well as correctly fitted with wedges. The sole of the tool should be perfectly flat. In addition, you can only fix the workpiece in which the ends are parallel and perpendicular to the edges. The material that is clamped on the workbench should fit snugly against it so that there are no bends.
After the planing of wood with a hand tool has been completed, you can not put it on the sole, put it on its side, the sole away from you.
Mechanical restoration. Tools for work
To implement the mechanical processing of wood by this method, an electric planer is used. Models for operation of IE-5707A-1 and IE-5701A.
As for the first manual electric apparatus, it is most often used in carpentry workshops, if the place of work is equipped with a workbench. For planing wood with this type of planer, it should consist of an electric motor, V-belt drive, milling cutters with replaceable knives, movable and fixed skis, a head, and a handle. The essence of processing technology is as follows. The rotor of an electric motor rotates in two ball bearings. A fan is installed on the shaft. In addition, a drive pulley is also attached to the end of the shaft. The torque that the rotor creates is transmitted to the mill using a V-belt drive. This unit has the ability to control the depth of planing. To do this, the front ski can be lowered or raised. The equipment can also be used for roughing and finishing. The difference is that for the roughing, a grooved cutter is used, and for the final - flat.
The second type of electric planer consists of approximately the same parts. The difference is that with the help of a V-belt drive , the knife shaft is driven, not the milling cutter. The knife shaft itself consists of two knives.
Sawing and planing of wood OKVED 2: code 16.10
OKVED is an all-Russian classifier of types of economic activity. This document includes the following stages of wood processing:
- Chopping or cleaving lumber.
- Production of wooden railway sleepers.
- Sawing and planing of wood, impregnation of wood with various chemicals to protect it from environmental influences.
- Mandatory drying of lumber.
- Production of flooring unassembled type.
The All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities — OKVED for sawing and planing wood — is a document that also has several qualifying, affiliated codes. The main record is under the code 16.10.
Tool setup and operating methods
Before starting work, it is necessary to check the equipment. It is important that the knives on the electric planers are correctly installed, sharp enough and correctly sharpened. It is very important that the blades are released to the same length and be at the same level with the rear panel. Another important rule - the mass of working knives should be the same. By itself, the electric planer must be grounded, and any adjustment, adjustment or repair can be carried out only if it is disconnected from the electrical network.
The operation process of the electrical apparatus is as follows. The plug is plugged in, after which the electric motor will start by pressing the power button. After the electric planer reaches the required speed, it can be lowered onto the wood billet. It is important that the workpiece is completely cleaned of any debris, dust, dirt or ice, if the work is carried out in the winter. It is very important that the planer sinks slowly enough, otherwise, when the workpiece and the knife come in contact, there will be a push that will most likely destroy the lumber. The unit must move along the material in a straight line. It is also worth saying that after the processing is completed for the first time, the machine turns off, the wood returns to its original position and the operation is repeated.
It is also very important to observe safety precautions.
It is important to ensure that all live parts of electrical equipment are protected. In addition, only an employee who has undergone special training is allowed to work with the electrical unit. It is also important to ensure that the knives do not touch metal parts during operation.
Planer
Consider the device of this machine is that it can be one-sided or two-sided. If a double-sided machine is used, then two adjacent surfaces of one workpiece can be machined at once. There are also machines with manual feed or mechanized feed. If with manual feeding everything is simple and clear, then for the implementation of mechanical feeding it is necessary that an automatic feeder be installed nearby. In some cases, an integrated conveyor feed mechanism may be used instead. Also, these machines are equipped with such devices as chip controllers, which are used for chips and dust. He joins the factory exhauster network.
Preparation for operation
Preparation for work includes the stage of technical adjustment of the unit, as well as checking its performance. As for technical adjustment, it consists in the following. Knives that are installed on planing machines should have a straight shape. With the help of a ruler and a probe, deviation from straightness is controlled. The clearance allowed between the ruler and the blade is only 0.1 mm if the blade length is up to 400 mm. If the blade is up to 800 mm long, then the clearance may be 0.2 mm. As with electro-planers, knives must be balanced in weight. Installation of knives is carried out sequentially. The device has a chip breaker. Knife blades should protrude above this element by no more than 1-2 mm. To test the machine, it is necessary to have a control block, which is usually made of solid, dry, seasoned wood. He also has finely crafted faces. The cross section of the faces can be 20-30 x 50-70 mm and a length of 400 to 500 mm.
Processing technology on the machine
When operating the planer, which has manual feed, one worker is needed. The worker takes the workpiece from the stack and evaluates its condition. Too warped lumber must be discarded. If it is not very concave or warped, then it can be used, the product is laid on the table with the concave side. Then, with the left hand, the workpiece is pressed to the ruler, and with the right hand it is fed to the machine. In this case, the end of the wood will move the fan fence. This will open the shaft with rotating knives. When the front part is processed, it is necessary, still holding the workpiece with his left hand, with his right hand, gradually push it forward, with uniform speed. In this case, of course, you need to keep your hands at a safe distance from the knives.
If a planer with a mechanical feed is used in the work, then the feed rate of lumber is calculated based on the maximum power of the electric motor. After processing, check the product. Deviation from the plane is allowed no more than 0.15 mm for every 1000 mm. Deviation of adjacent surfaces is allowed no more than 0.1 mm at a height of 100 mm.
When using this tool for planing wood, it is very important to ensure that there are no defects or inhomogeneities on the surface. If during operation the knife stumbles upon such a defect, then the workpiece may twitch, and the hand of the employee lying on the product may fall into the knife slot.
The most dangerous is planing wood, which is quite thin, narrow or short. For this reason, if the machine has manual feed, then there are restrictions on the dimensions of the workpieces. Length up to 400 mm, width up to 50 mm, thickness up to 30 mm.