Pupils often ask the question: “How many parts of speech in Russian?”. It is unlikely to be unambiguously possible to answer it: there are various schools that, based on different approaches, distinguish a different number of these categories. So, for example, the morphological approach of A.K. Polivanova - N.N. Durnovo allows you to name six. A.M. Peshkovsky allocates only five.
In general, linguists are sure that the question of the number of parts of speech is eternal. The deeper scientists are immersed in the study of the language, the more often they ask themselves the question: “What particular signs should be fundamental in the classification of these categories?”. There are many theories, but none of them is certain.
The most common classification is based on morphological and syntactic parameters. It is taken as the basis for school acquaintance with the language. At the philological faculties they study all approaches to this issue, get acquainted with all linguistic works devoted to it. In the school curriculum, parts of speech in Russian are determined depending on their morphological, grammatical, syntactic roles. It is these parameters that underlie the classification.
All parts of the speech of the Russian language are divided into classes. Allocate:
• significant (independent) parts of speech ;
• service;
• interjection.
The independent (they are also called significant) parts of speech in the Russian language are characterized by their own meaning, constant / variable grammatical signs. They answer specific questions, carry a communicative load, that is, they serve to transmit information. This category includes all parts of speech, except for service words and interjections.
Official words include those words that do not have a nominative meaning, are not independent in the lexical plan. Their task is to express semantic and syntactic relationships between significant words, members or parts of a sentence. These grammatical means of language include conjunctions, prepositions, particles. The latter are necessary to change the tone of the message or the formation of numerous forms of the word.
The official (non-significant) parts of speech in the Russian language are used much more often than the significant ones, because they are much smaller.
Finally, there are interjections. They are used only to convey emotions or feelings, serve for onomatopoeia, have neither their own characteristics nor their own meaning. Interjections are actually distinguished (Wow! Ah! Oh! Opa!), Imitations (Woof-woof! Kukareku!), Substantiated (transferred from other categories) words or whole expressions (Wow! Wah! Nightmare! Fathers!).
The significant parts of speech in the Russian language are divided into nominal and verbal.
Named:
• Noun. (Mom, father, krovinushka, orgy, lot, quiet, etc.). Their permanent characteristics: gender, declination depending on it, as well as animation / inanimate. Non-permanent signs include: number (singular, plural), the ability to vary in cases.
• Adjective (red, strong, courageous, etc.). Designate a sign of an object, have a single permanent sign: they can be either qualitative, or relative, or possessive.
• Numeral. Indicates the quantity or number on the account. Depending on this, it can be quantitative (five, three hundred and forty) or ordinal (second, eight hundredth).
• Adverb. It is necessary for the transmission of a sign or state of action (far, far, long, etc.). It has no inconsistent signs, does not change.
• The pronoun. It does not have its own meaning, but it can be used instead of any name (the nominal part of speech that designates it). (I, somehow, someone, someone, nobody, etc.). The categories of pronouns are constant.
Linguists believe that the verbal parts of speech in the Russian language can be represented directly by verbs and their forms: the participle, the participle. Some philological schools consider these categories to be independent (independent) parts of speech, while others attribute them to separate, special verb forms.
• The verb denotes an action (run, sing, color). Its permanent features are appearance (sing-sing), recurrence (washed-washed), transitivity (ability / inability to combine with nouns in the accusative case), conjugation.
• Participle. It can be either real (running, beautiful, drawing) or passive (drawn, pronounced).
• Communion. This is a sign of a sign. It does not change, it always refers to the predicate because it means precisely its additional action (or sign). (I am going, humming. I ran, bouncing.)