In communication, we use different words, build a variety of sentences and phrases. And hardly anyone thinks about which particular parts of speech he uses in his conversations. When pronouncing this or that word, it will not occur to everyone to analyze what it is: a noun, an adjective, a verb, or some form of it.
Another thing is when you need to parse a sentence in writing at school. Here the words are divided into different categories.
What is a part of speech?
Everything in the world is divided into various categories. So we humans are accustomed to lay out everything "on the shelves" so that there is no hint of chaos. We have done the same with science. We divide various objects and phenomena into types, types, subtypes and so on. Of course, this is very convenient when everything is systematized.
This approach also applies to parts of speech. After all, what are they? These are words that are divided into various categories according to common signs, morphological and syntactic. Thus, they represent parts of speech (for example, a noun, adjective, verb, and so on). Each of them has its own characteristics and plays a role in the proposals.
Parts of speech in Russian
There are ten parts of speech. They can also be divided into categories. The first includes: a noun ( mother, gift, sun ), an adjective ( mother's, gift, sunny ), a numeral ( one, two, three ) and a pronoun ( she, I, we, ourselves ). They denote the subject and its features.
The next category includes verb and adverb. It defines actions, properties, sign of action.
There are parts of speech that are called official (particle, preposition, union). They combine words and parts of a sentence. The particle gives meaning and emotional stress.
As we see, parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb, etc.) have their own specific characteristics and fulfill certain roles in the structure of sentences.
Noun
What is this part of speech? It is intended to indicate the subject. Answers the questions "who" or "what." For example: dad, cat, TV, flowers . She also answers other questions, depending on the declension of cases and numbers. For example, "by", "by" - by a man, by a tree .
Nouns come in different genders (feminine: strength, will ; masculine: ram, forest ; medium: towel, window ; general: crybaby, doctor) .
They differ in numbers (there are singular and plural: a book - books, a cloud - clouds, a goat - goats, a chair - chairs, a tree - trees ).
They are divided into animate ( squirrel ) and inanimate ( stone ). Moreover, it can be very difficult to determine which type the noun refers to. The verb, adjective and other parts of speech are not divided into such forms. In order not to make a mistake with whether an animated object or not, you need to learn some rules.
What is an adjective name?
Beautiful, kind, wonderful, clear - all these are signs of any subject. These words are adjectives. They answer the question "what."
Like nouns, adjectives vary by gender: light, light, light (there are three types: masculine - bad , feminine - good, and middle - smart ); by numbers: good - good ; cases: good, kind, kind .
They are of high quality (they show the irrelevant properties of an object, which can be of varying intensity, be in short form and differ in different degrees of comparison: white - white - whiter ), relative (refer to something: iron, brick, door, window ) and possessive (indicate affiliation: sisters, daddy, grandmother ).
We have learned what constitutes a noun, an adjective. The verb is the next part of the speech that will be discussed in this article.
What is a verb?
Words denoting actions that answer the question "what to do" are verbs. They have signs of number (surrendered - surrendered), person, time ( did - do - do ), collateral, mood (subjunctive), gender ( saw - saw ).
Many incorrectly indicate the number of parts of speech in the Russian language, given some words. Nouns, adjectives, verbs come in many forms. And some take these kinds of parts of speech. The latter - verbs - have different forms, which are also often perceived as parts of speech. Next, we will give them a little attention.
Verb forms
Communion, participle, many perceive as separate parts of speech. But in reality they are just forms of the verb. Communion denotes the action (state) of a time-varying attribute of an object. For example: reading grandfather . Participle is an action as a sign of another action. For example: said, looking after; did looking back .
The situation is different with the infinitive. It is usually perceived as a form of a verb. And they’re doing it right. He has no signs of person, time, number, pledge, as well as mood and gender. For example: think, read, write, run, start .
Communion has these signs. It is similar in characteristics to an adjective, a verb. An adjective, noun sentence is constructed using objects and their attributes. Communion means an action (state) as a sign of an object that can change in time. By this characteristic, it differs from the name of the adjective, with which it is also sometimes confused.
The sacrament is real (the action is performed by the bearer of the sign, for example, the playing child ) and passive (the sign that arose due to the impact on its carrier, for example, persecuted refugees ).
What is an adverb?
The next part of speech, indicating a sign of action, of an object, is of good quality - immutability. This is an adverb. Most often it refers to a verb, denoting a sign of action. For example: she spoke slowly, looked excitedly . Also often an adverb denotes a sign of a sign (for example: brightly painted eyes, a very strange plot ), less often - signs of an object (for example: a step forward, reading aloud ).
Many parts of speech are divided into different types. For example, a noun, adjective, verb. The dialect is divided into categories. There are six of them.
- Adverbs of a way of action. They answer the questions "how", "how." Examples: sleep poorly, cook fast, ride a horse, live together .
- Adverbs of time ("when"). Examples: studied yesterday, got up today, went out in the morning, returned in the evening, was in the summer, rode in the winter, happened on the eve, I am resting now , etc.
- Adverbs of the place, answering the questions: "where", "where", "where". For example: to be here, go there, get out of here .
- Adverb of degree and action ("how much", "how much"). These include words such as many, few, twice, very, very , etc.
- Adverbs of reason, answering the questions of “why” and “why,” are the next category. It refers to such words as foolishly, rashly .
- Adverbs of the purpose, answering the questions "for what purpose", "for what". For example: poisoned on purpose, framed in spite, left on purpose .
Conclusion
In this article, we examined some parts of speech: noun, adjective, verb, and adverb. Each of them has its own characteristics and affects the construction of proposals, so they are so important and necessary. No wonder they are called parts of speech. These are the components of the proposal, without which it does not exist.