Among scholars, there is no single definition of participle in the framework of lexical and grammatical classes. Some linguists consider it a special form of the verb. Others, agreeing with Academician L.V. Shcherba, call the sacrament an independent part of speech. There are some specialists who define the sacrament as a verb adjective. V. I. Dahl spoke of him as part of a speech "involved in a verb in the form of an adjective."
However, the form of the verb
In school textbooks, different points of view are reflected. However, if we consider the participle as a special form of the verb, then it is easier to immediately distinguish it from other parts of speech and write without errors. The very name "communion" characterizes it as something attached to something, and not independent.
Value
So, participle is called a special form of the verb. It denotes, like an adjective, a sign of an object, but only by its action. Communion questions: "which?" (as an adjective), as well as “what is he doing?”, “what has he done?”, “what has he done?”.
Some linguists define the participle as a “hybrid” intra-verb form denoting an action expressed as a sign of an object.
Morphological characteristics
The participles possess the attributes of two independent parts of speech at once - the verb and the adjective. All permanent attributes of the sacrament were inherited from the verb, and mutable ones from the adjective.
Permanent or persistent symptoms
· The sacrament is perfect and imperfect.
· It can be transient and intransitive.
· The sacrament is returnable and irrevocable.
· The word can stand in tenses: present, past, future.
· Has a passive or valid voice.
Variable or inconsistent symptoms
The sacrament changes form in accordance with:
· With a middle, masculine and feminine gender;
· With a multiple and single number;
· With six cases;
Passive participles can be in both full and short form.
In a sentence
The syntactic function of the participles is determined by the completeness and brevity of the form: full participles - the definition or part of a compound predicate, short can only be a predicate.
How to distinguish between passive and real participles
We know that the participle expresses only that sign that is associated with the action. A knowledgeable specialist is one who knows. Verified notebooks are those notebooks that have been verified. As we see from the example, 2 states are possible: an object performs an action itself, or another object performs an action on an object. Therefore, all participles are divided into two groups:
1. Valid, calling the sign of the object that performs the action: yellowing (which turns yellow) leaf.
2. Suffering, denoting such a sign that undergoes the action of another object: the problem solved (by whom? - by me).
What is the difference between full and short participles
Let’s compare two constructions: “Artificial intelligence created by the efforts of cybernetics” and “Artificial intelligence created by the efforts of cybernetics”. In the first case, the participle “created” is complete, in the second (“created”) it is short. They play a different role in sentences. Full communion is definition, and short is predicate. If we want to decline both participles in the cases, we will see that this can only be done with the full form. One letter "n" is written in suffixes of short participles, and two "n" - in full forms. The common thing between them is that both forms are capable of changing, firstly, by gender, and secondly, by numbers. Distinguish short forms of participles from similar adjectives, as they are spelled differently.
How the participles are created
All participles arise from verbs, but their various forms depend on the type and transitivity.
All 4 forms of participles (real and passive in the present and past tense) can be produced only from transitive and imperfect verbs. For example: meet - meeting (d.p., present. R.), Meeting (d.p., past. R.), Met (s.p., present. R.), Met (s.p., past. . vr.).
How to distinguish a participle from a verb adjective
There is a group of adjectives that are formed, like the participles, of the verb. What is the difference? If an object participates in an action and time and appearance matter for it, then this is a participle: to carry away - carried away. In this example, you can determine the perfect form and elapsed time, therefore, before us is the sacrament. The definition in the phrases “boiled beets”, “frozen fish” indicates a result that has become permanent, the look and time are not relevant for him, which means we have a verbal adjective.
What is the participle turnover
We defined communion and considered its possible forms. However, this lexico-grammatical unit can participate in the syntactic construction, which is called the participle form. If the participle has dependent words (tokens to which we ask a question), then we are dealing with the participle circulation. In a sentence, he always plays the role of definition. Compare: “floating duck” and “floating duck in the lake”. In the first case, there is a definition expressed by the participle “floating”. In the second example, the dependent word appears in the participle: floating (where?) In the lake. The definition is expressed in participle turnover.
How to place commas
Communion definitions, examples of which were given above, differ from definitions expressed by participles, punctuation. In the composition of the proposal, the turnover is separated by commas, but only if it follows the determined word. Compare 2 constructions in which the defined word is “snowflakes”: “snowflakes swirling in the air” and “snowflakes swirling in the air”. However, this nuance does not apply to morphology; it is the subject of a separate discussion.