Before we start talking about brief participles, let's recall what kind of part of speech this is. At school, he is characterized as a special form of the verb, denoting a sign of action. But some linguists reasonably believe that this is an independent part of speech. After all, he is characterized by some signs that are not available in the verb.
Like the verb, the participle is perfect and imperfect and has
present and past tense. (Note that he has no future tense). For example:
laughing - imperfect view, present, or
laughing - perfect view, past tense. This
part of speech can be replaced by the verb from which it was formed. For example:
invited guest - the guest who was invited .
But, like the adjective, the full participle varies in numbers and genera: the reader - the reader - the reader - the reader . (For comparison, the adjective: funny - funny - funny - funny ). And just like an adjective, it has a full and short form.
Features of the formation of a short participle
One of the forms of passive participle indicating the sign of an object experiencing any actions from the outside is short: open - short passive (compare: open - full passive). In a sentence, the full form usually acts as a definition, and the short form of this part of speech is always a predicate, for example: I saw her shoulders shrouded in a shawl. - Shoulders are shrouded in shawls ( shrouded in definition, and shrouded in predicate).
Brief communion is most often formed by suffixes -n- and -t- . For example: removed, dopit . Unlike the full form, the short one has one thing: felled - felled, paved - paved. By the way, you should remember about the common speech error in using one suffix when forming a short form instead of another. In the house removed t about - instead of the normative: removed .
Brief participle varies in numbers: configured - configured, launched - launched , etc. In the singular, it varies by gender: simplified - simplified - simplified; grown - grown - grown.
In order not to confuse the short form of adjectives and participles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish from which part of speech the given word is formed. The short participle is from the verb, and the short adjective is from the full form of the adjective, for example: quit - abandoned - abandoned; good is good.
How to distinguish between a short adjective and a short participle. Examples
Let us try to learn by example how to distinguish between a
verb adjective and a participle in a short form
. He was uneducated . How to determine what part of speech is in front of us? Let's reason. If the sacrament is before us, then we can always pose a question from him in the instrumental case.
He was uneducated (by whom?) - you can’t ask like that, because the meaning of what was said is lost. In this context, the
uneducated is a short adjective, since it can also be replaced by a synonym:
illiterate .
In the sentence " These sculptures are formed by nature itself", they are found out - a short communion. Since it is easy to pose a question from him: by whom? or what? without changing the meaning of what was said. In this sentence, the word nature answers it .