All organizations can be divided into 2 categories: commercial and non-profit. The main goal of creating and operating commercial organizations is to make a profit. For non-profit organizations - profit is not an important goal.
Types of commercial organizations according to civil law:
- full partnerships;
- production cooperatives ;
- limited liability companies;
- municipal and state unitary enterprises;
- limited partnerships ;
- companies with additional liability ;
- joint stock companies ;
Features of each kind:
- Partnerships (full) are commercial organizations that are created on the basis of a special constituent agreement. Entrepreneurship in full partnerships is carried out on behalf of the partnership. All participants in the partnership are liable for the activities of this commercial organization. Losses and profits are distributed between each participant in proportion to his contribution.
- Production cooperatives are commercial organizations that carry out activities based on the personal desire of citizens, with the aim of conducting joint economic or industrial activities. Each member of the cooperative must personally participate in economic or industrial activities. The responsibility of each member is subsidiary. The governing body is a meeting of members of a cooperative.
- A limited liability company is an organization in which the authorized capital is divided into shares between the founders according to the constituent documents. Profit between the participants of the LLC is distributed according to their shares. Participants are not liable for the debts and obligations of their organization. The supreme governing body of the LLC is a meeting of its participants.
- Unitary enterprises are commercial organizations that do not have the right to dispose of property that is assigned to them by the owner. A unitary enterprise cannot be divided among participants. The state or municipal service is recognized as the owner of the property of such an enterprise. Management body - the head appointed by the owner of the enterprise.
- Partnerships (limited partnerships) are commercial organizations in which participants are liable for the obligations and debts of the enterprise with their property. In a limited partnership, unlike a full partnership, there are several investors who are responsible for the risk of losses.
- A company with additional responsibility is a company founded by one or more founders. The authorized capital of the ODO is divided between the participants into shares that are defined in the constituent documents. ODO bears 2 types of responsibility:
* society itself in the amount of the established fund;
* each member of the company (according to contributions).
- A joint-stock company is an organization in which the authorized capital is divided into equal in value number of shares that certify the rights of the participant regarding the company. The meeting of shareholders is the main governing body. The number of votes each shareholder has is distributed in proportion to the number of shares acquired. Profit is also divided in proportion to the number of shares. Joint-stock companies in which shares can be sold not only to shareholders are called open. Joint-stock companies in which shares cannot be sold without prior consent of the shareholders are called closed.
Registration of commercial organizations takes place in the registration authorities. In this case, features of registration and creation of organizations are necessarily taken into account.